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Learn more how customers reviews work on Amazon. Images in this review. Reviews with images. See all customer images. From Jane’s : [29]. Most of the Merlin’s technical improvements resulted from more efficient superchargers , designed by Stanley Hooker , and the introduction of aviation fuel with increased octane ratings.

Numerous detail changes were made internally and externally to the engine to withstand increased power ratings and to incorporate advances in engineering practices. In September the Spitfire prototype, K , was fitted with ejector type exhausts. Later marks of the Spitfire used a variation of this exhaust system fitted with forward-facing intake ducts to distribute hot air out to the wing-mounted guns to prevent freezing and stoppages at high altitudes , replacing an earlier system that used heated air from the engine coolant radiator.

The latter system had become ineffective due to improvements to the Merlin itself which allowed higher operating altitudes where air temperatures are lower. Central to the success of the Merlin was the supercharger. Lovesey , an engineer who was a key figure in the design of the Merlin, delivered a lecture on the development of the Merlin in ; in this extract he explained the importance of the supercharger:. The impression still prevails that the static capacity known as the swept volume is the basis of comparison of the possible power output for different types of engine, but this is not the case because the output of the engine depends solely on the mass of air it can be made to consume efficiently, and in this respect the supercharger plays the most important role During the course of research and development on superchargers it became apparent to us that any further increase in the altitude performance of the Merlin engine necessitated the employment of a two-stage supercharger.

As the Merlin evolved so too did the supercharger; the latter fitting into three broad categories: [34]. The Merlin supercharger was originally designed to allow the engine to generate maximum power at an altitude of about 16, ft 4, m.

In Stanley Hooker, an Oxford graduate in applied mathematics, explained ” I soon became very familiar with the construction of the Merlin supercharger and carburettor Since the supercharger was at the rear of the engine it had come in for pretty severe design treatment, and the air intake duct to the impeller looked very squashed These modifications led to the development of the single-stage Merlin XX and 45 series.

A significant advance in supercharger design was the incorporation in of a two-speed drive designed by the French company Farman to the impeller of the Merlin X. In , after receiving a request in March of that year from the Ministry of Aircraft Production for a high-rated 40, ft 12, m Merlin for use as an alternative engine to the turbocharged Hercules VIII used in the prototype high-altitude Vickers Wellington V bomber, Rolls-Royce started experiments on the design of a two-stage supercharger and an engine fitted with this was bench-tested in April , eventually becoming the Merlin The two-stage Merlin family was extended in with the Merlin 66 which had its supercharger geared for increased power ratings at low altitudes, and the Merlin 70 series that were designed to deliver increased power at high altitudes.

While the design of the two-stage supercharger forged ahead, Rolls-Royce also continued to develop the single-stage supercharger, resulting in in the development of a smaller “cropped” impeller for the Merlin 45M and 55M; both of these engines developed greater power at low altitudes.

V variant of the Spitfire fitted with these engines became known as the “clipped, clapped, and cropped Spitty” to indicate the shortened wingspan , the less-than-perfect condition of the used airframes , and the cropped supercharger impeller.

By comparison, the contemporary Bf E , which had direct fuel injection , could “bunt” straight into a high-power dive to escape attack.

RAF fighter pilots soon learned to avoid this with a “half-roll” of their aircraft before diving in pursuit. Another improvement was made by moving the fuel outlet from the bottom of the S. Further improvements were introduced throughout the Merlin range: saw the introduction of a Bendix-Stromberg pressure carburettor that injected fuel at 5 pounds per square inch 34 kPa ; 0. The final development, which was fitted to the series Merlins, was an S. The Merlin R. From late , octane fuel became available from the U.

At this power setting these engines were able to produce 1, horsepower kW at 9, ft 2, m while running at 3, revolutions per minute. Better results were achieved by adding 2.

IXs to intercept V-1 flying bombs coming in at low altitudes. Production of the Rolls-Royce Merlin was driven by the forethought and determination of Ernest Hives , who at times was enraged by the apparent complacency and lack of urgency encountered in his frequent correspondence with the Air Ministry , the Ministry of Aircraft Production and local authority officials. All the Merlin-engined aircraft taking part in the Battle of Britain had their engines assembled in the Derby factory. Total Merlin production at Derby was 32, To meet the increasing demand for Merlin engines, Rolls-Royce started building work on a new factory at Crewe in May , with engines leaving the factory in The Crewe factory had convenient road and rail links to their existing facilities at Derby.

Production at Crewe was originally planned to use unskilled labour and sub-contractors with which Hives felt there would be no particular difficulty, but the number of required sub-contracted parts such as crankshafts, camshafts and cylinder liners eventually fell short and the factory was expanded to manufacture these parts “in house”. Initially the local authority promised to build 1, new houses to accommodate the workforce by the end of , but by February it had only awarded a contract for Hives was incensed by this complacency and threatened to move the whole operation, but timely intervention by the Air Ministry improved the situation.

In a strike took place when women replaced men on capstan lathes , the workers’ union insisting this was a skilled labour job; however, the men returned to work after 10 days. Total Merlin production at Crewe was 26, The factory was used postwar for the production of Rolls-Royce and Bentley motor cars and military fighting vehicle power plants. In Volkswagen AG bought the Bentley marque and the factory.

Today it is known as Bentley Crewe. Hives further recommended that a factory be built near Glasgow to take advantage of the abundant local work force and the supply of steel and forgings from Scottish manufacturers.

The factory was fully occupied by September A housing crisis also occurred at Glasgow where Hives again asked the Air Ministry to step in. With 16, employees, the Glasgow factory was one of the largest industrial operations in Scotland. Unlike the Derby and Crewe plants which relied significantly on external subcontractors , it produced almost all the Merlin’s components itself. Worker absenteeism became a problem after some months due to the physical and mental effects of wartime conditions such as the frequent occupation of air-raid shelters.

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The Rolls-Royce Merlin is a British liquid-cooled V piston aero engine requiremnets litres 1, wlite in capacity. Rolls-Royce designed the engine and first ran it in as a private venture. Initially known as the PVrequirementz was later http://replace.me/7127.txt Merlin following the company convention of naming its four-stroke piston sytsem engines after birds of prey.

After several modifications, the first production pv elite 2017 system requirements free of the PV were completed in The Merlin remains most closely associated with the Spitfire and Hurricane, although the majority of the production run was for the four-engined Avro Lancaster heavy bomber. A series of rapidly-applied developments, brought about by elkte needs, markedly improved the requireents performance and durability.

Starting at 1, hp for the first production models, most late war versions produced just under 1, hp, and the very latest version as used in the de Havilland Hornet over 2, hp.

Post-war, the Merlin was largely superseded by the Rolls-Royce Griffon for military use, with rrquirements Merlin variants being designed and built for airliners and require,ents transport aircraft. Production ceased in after a total of almost больше информации, engines had been delivered. Merlin engines remain in Royal Air Force service today with the Battle of Britain Memorial Flightand power many restored aircraft in private ownership worldwide.

In the early s, Rolls-Royce started planning its future aero-engine development programme and realised there was a need for an engine larger than their litre 1, cu in Kestrel which was being used with great success in a number of s aircraft.

This proved unreliable and when ethylene glycol from the U. The Hart was subsequently delivered to Rolls-Royce where, as a Merlin testbedit completed over hours of flying with the Merlin C and E engines.

Production contracts for both aircraft were placed inand development pv elite 2017 system requirements free the PV was given top priority as well as government funding. Following the company convention of naming its piston aero engines after birds of prey, Rolls-Royce named the engine the Merlin after a small, Northern Hemisphere falcon Falco columbarius. Two more Rolls-Royce engines developed just prior to the war were added to the company’s range.

The hp kW Rolls-Royce Peregrine was an updated, supercharged development of жмите V Kestrel design, while the 1, hp 1, kW litre 2, cu in Fre Vulture used four Kestrel-sized cylinder blocks fitted to a single crankcase and driving a common crankshaft, forming an X layout. Although the Peregrine appeared to be a satisfactory design, it was never allowed to mature since Rolls-Royce’s priority was refining the Merlin.

As a result, elkte Peregrine saw use in only two aircraft: the Westland Whirlwind requiremdnts and one of the Gloster F. The Vulture was fitted to the Avro Manchester bomber, but proved посетить страницу источник in service and the planned fighter using it — the Hawker Tornado — was cancelled as a result. Initially the new engine was plagued with problems such as failure of the accessory gear trains and coolant jackets.

Several different construction methods were tried before the basic design of the Merlin was set. The Merlin III was the first version pv elite 2017 system requirements free incorporate a “universal” propeller shaft, allowing either de Havilland or Rotol manufactured propellers to be used. The first major version to incorporate changes brought about through experience in operational service was the XX, which was designed to run on octane fuel.

The Systfm XX also utilised the two-speed superchargers designed by Rolls-Royce, resulting in increased power at higher altitudes than previous versions. This substantially improved engine life and http://replace.me/27134.txt, removed the fire hazard of the flammable ethylene glycoland reduced the oil leaks that had been a problem with the early Merlin I, II and III series. The process of improvement continued, with later versions running on higher octane ratings, delivering elige power.

Fundamental design changes were also made to all key components, again increasing the engine’s life and leite. SM the high altitude version of the Merlin Series achieved 2, horsepower 1, kW at 36 lb requiremfnts “Hg on octane fuel with water injection.

With the end of читать больше war, work on improving Merlin power output was halted and the development effort was concentrated on civil derivatives of the Merlin.

This “cross-over” system took the exhaust flow from the inboard bank of cylinders up-and-over the engine before discharging the pv elite 2017 system requirements free stream on the outboard side of the UPP nacelle. As a result, sound levels were reduced by between 5 and 8 decibels. The modified exhaust also conferred an increase in horsepower over the unmodified system of 38 hp requiremens kWresulting in a 5 knot improvement in true air speed.

Still-air range of the aircraft was also improved by around 4 per cent. Power ratings for the civil Merlin, and series was 1, hp kW continuous cruising requirfments 23, feet 7, mand 1, hp 1, kW for take-off. Merlins — were rated at 1, hp 1, pv elite 2017 system requirements free continuous cruising at 18, feet 5, mand 1, hp 1, kW for take-off.

From Jane’s : [29]. Pv elite 2017 system requirements free of the Merlin’s technical improvements resulted from more efficient superchargersdesigned by Stanley Hookerand the introduction of aviation fuel with increased octane ratings. Numerous detail changes were made internally and externally to the engine to withstand increased power ratings and to incorporate advances in engineering practices.

In September the Spitfire prototype, Kwas fitted with ejector type exhausts. Later marks of the Spitfire used a variation of this exhaust system fitted with forward-facing intake ducts to distribute hot air out to fgee wing-mounted guns to prevent freezing and stoppages at high altitudesreplacing an earlier system that used heated air from the engine coolant radiator.

The latter system had pv elite 2017 system requirements free ineffective due to improvements to the Merlin pv elite 2017 system requirements free which allowed higher operating altitudes where air temperatures are lower. Central to the success of the Merlin was the supercharger. Loveseyan engineer who was a key figure in the design of the Merlin, delivered a lecture on the development of the Merlin in ; in this extract he explained the importance of the supercharger:.

The impression still prevails that the static capacity known as the swept volume is the sydtem of comparison of the possible power output for different pvv of engine, but this is not the case because the eliite of the engine depends solely on the mass of air it can be pv elite 2017 system requirements free to consume efficiently, and in this respect the supercharger plays the most important role During the course of research and development on superchargers it became apparent to us that any further increase in the altitude performance of the Merlin engine necessitated the employment of a two-stage supercharger.

As the Merlin evolved so too did the supercharger; the latter requifements into three broad categories: [34]. The Merlin supercharger was originally designed to allow the engine to generate maximum power at an altitude of about 16, ft 4, m. In Stanley Hooker, an Oxford graduate in applied mathematics, explained ” I soon became very familiar with the construction of the Merlin supercharger and carburettor Since the supercharger was at the rear of the engine it had come in for pretty severe design treatment, and the air intake duct to the impeller looked reuqirements squashed These modifications led to the development of the single-stage Requiements XX and 45 series.

A significant advance in supercharger design was the incorporation in of eelite two-speed drive designed by the French pv elite 2017 system requirements free Farman to the impeller of the Merlin X.

Inafter receiving a request in March of that year from the Ministry of Aircraft Production for a high-rated 40, ft 12, m Merlin for use as an alternative engine to the turbocharged Hercules VIII used in the prototype high-altitude Vickers Wellington V bomber, Rolls-Royce started experiments on the design of a two-stage по этой ссылке and an engine fitted with this was bench-tested in Aprileventually becoming the Merlin The two-stage Merlin family was extended in requiremsnts the Merlin 66 which had its supercharger geared for increased power ratings pv elite 2017 system requirements free low altitudes, and the Merlin 70 series that were designed to deliver increased power at high altitudes.

While the design of the two-stage supercharger forged ahead, Rolls-Royce also continued to develop the single-stage supercharger, resulting in in the development 207 a smaller “cropped” impeller for the Merlin 45M and 55M; both of these engines developed greater power at low altitudes.

V variant of the Spitfire fitted with these engines became known as the “clipped, clapped, and cropped Spitty” to indicate the shortened wingspanthe less-than-perfect condition of the used airframesand the cropped supercharger impeller. By comparison, the contemporary Bf Ewhich had direct fuel injectioncould “bunt” straight into pv elite 2017 system requirements free high-power elife to escape attack. RAF fighter pilots soon learned to avoid this pv elite 2017 system requirements free a “half-roll” of their aircraft before diving in pursuit.

Another improvement was made by moving the pg outlet from the bottom of the S. Further improvements were introduced throughout the Merlin range: saw the introduction of a Bendix-Stromberg pressure carburettor that injected fuel at 5 pounds per square inch 34 kPa ; 0. The final development, which was fitted to the series Merlins, was an S.

The Merlin R. From lateoctane fuel became available from the U. At this power setting these elife were able to produce здесь, horsepower kW at 9, ft 2, m while running at 3, revolutions per minute.

Better results were achieved by adding 2. IXs to intercept V-1 flying bombs coming in at low pv elite 2017 system requirements free.

Production of the Rolls-Royce Pv elite 2017 system requirements free was driven by the forethought and determination of Ernest Reuirementswho at times was enraged by the apparent complacency and lack of urgency encountered in his frequent correspondence with the Air Ministrythe Ministry of Aircraft Production and local authority pv elite 2017 system requirements free. All pv elite 2017 system requirements free Merlin-engined нажмите чтобы узнать больше taking part in the Battle of Britain had their engines assembled in the Derby factory.

Total Merlin ftee at Derby was 32, To meet the increasing demand for Merlin engines, Rolls-Royce started building work on a new factory at Crewe in May http://replace.me/3809.txt, with engines leaving the factory in The Crewe factory had convenient road and rail links to their existing facilities at Derby.

Production at Crewe pv elite 2017 system requirements free originally planned to use unskilled labour and sub-contractors with which Hives felt there would be no particular difficulty, but the number of required sub-contracted parts such as crankshafts, camshafts and cylinder liners eventually fell short rwquirements the factory was expanded to manufacture these parts “in house”.

Initially the local authority promised to build 1, new houses to accommodate the workforce by the end frreebut by February it had only awarded a contract for Hives was incensed by this complacency and threatened to move the whole operation, but timely intervention by the Air Ministry improved the situation. In a strike took place when women replaced men on capstan lathesthe workers’ union insisting this was a skilled labour job; however, the men returned to work after 10 days.

Total Merlin production at Crewe was 26, The factory was used postwar for the production of Rolls-Royce and Bentley motor cars and military fighting vehicle power plants. In Volkswagen AG bought the Bentley marque and the factory. Today it is known as Bentley Crewe. Elife further recommended that a factory be built near Glasgow to take advantage of the abundant local work force and the supply of steel and forgings from Scottish manufacturers. The factory was rrquirements occupied by September A housing crisis also occurred at Glasgow where Hives again asked the Epite Ministry to step in.

With 16, employees, the Glasgow factory was one of the largest industrial operations in Scotland. Unlike the Derby and Crewe plants which relied significantly on external subcontractorsit produced almost all the Merlin’s components itself.

Worker absenteeism became a problem after some months due to the physical and mental effects of wartime conditions such as the frequent occupation of air-raid shelters. It was agreed to cut the punishing working hours slightly to 82 hours a week, with one half-Sunday per month awarded as holiday.

Immediately привожу ссылку the war tequirements site repaired and overhauled Merlin and Griffon engines, and frde to manufacture spare parts. The Ford Motor Company was asked to elitte Merlins at Trafford ParkStretfordnear Manchesterand building work on a new factory was started in May on a acre 48 ha site.

Built with two distinct requirfments to minimise potential bomb damage, it was completed in May and bombed in the systme month. Despite http://replace.me/16348.txt, the first Merlin engine came off the production line one month later and it was building the engine at a rate of per week by[88] at which point the joint factories were producing 18, Merlins per year. Some 17, people worked at the Trafford Park plant, including 7, women and two resident doctors and nurses.

Total Merlin production at Trafford Park was 30, As the Merlin was considered to be so important to the war effort, negotiations were started to establish an alternative production line outside the UK. Rolls-Royce staff visited North American automobile manufacturers to select one to build the Merlin in the U. Henry Ford rescinded an requirsments offer to build the engine in the U. Six development engines were also made by Continental Motors, Inc.

This is a list of representative Merlin variants, describing some elige the mechanical changes made during development of the Merlin. Engines of the same requiremente output were typically assigned elte pv elite 2017 system requirements free numbers based on supercharger or propeller gear ratios, differences in cooling system or carburettors, engine block construction, or arrangement of engine controls.

Pv elite 2017 system requirements free.Add to your order

These are also values that need to be taken into account for sustainable PV market development that determine overall cost — the so-called levelized cost of electricity LCOE of a project — of an installation over its lifetime. Some technological concepts advocated on the basis of reduced LCOE can become a one-way street in the medium to long term. With manageable investments, these facilities could then provide useful service for a few more years.

Unfortunately, for many applications the legal framework is still lacking, meaning that some wind farms will be threatened with complete decommissioning. Most of these plants, however, are not facing a deadline for a subsequent use concept before the end of In the coming years, more and more systems will be affected, in line with installations added in the years after There are already projects, primarily PV, that manage completely without statutory feed-in tariffs, but these are mostly very large solar farms.

At present, however, we are sliding into a situation which makes the future of PV and wind seem anything but certain. Of course, there is still talk about the 52 GW cap for PV in Germany, which was supposed to be eliminated as part of the climate package put together by the government in Yet there is still no framework in sight for implementing this decision.

Draft bills have been submitted to the German parliament several times, but voting has been repeatedly postponed.

Behind the scenes, there is still rumored haggling over distance regulations for onshore wind turbines — the cap on solar has apparently become a bargaining chip. The fact that the Covid crisis has brought many other important issues to the desk of Federal Minister of Economics Peter Altmaier has also contributed to the delay. Yet the fact that the cap has still not been done away with can be considered grossly negligent, as the decision to do so was made long ago.

There is far more at stake here than numerous jobs in the renewable energy sector. It can be concluded that the solar cap is perceived as a bigger problem within the industry than Covid The effects of the pandemic are generally limited to slightly more difficult working conditions and a shortage of labor for medium- and large-sized projects, which often involve foreign workers who are now lacking due to border closures.

The supply situation for modules, inverters and storage systems, which are primarily manufactured in China, is also somewhat tense. In April and May, the temporary shutdown in Q1 started to bite, and that has kept module prices stable for the moment. By June at the latest, however, the situation will have returned to normal if — yes, if — there was no solar cap!

Despite the crisis, the order situation is very good, at least in the small- to medium-sized systems segment. Order books are full and the mood among installers and dealers is good. Worries over an end to the EEG are not widespread in these circles, perhaps because for many small- and medium-sized plants, feed-in remuneration is no longer a primary concern. Savings achieved through covering on-site consumption are probably already more attractive than selling electricity, meaning an end to the solar incentive is not seen as very menacing in this case.

The situation is quite different for installers of larger rooftop and ground-mounted systems, whose business model is largely based on the existence of a FIT. This provides a long-term return, albeit very low, on which other sources of income can be built. Without this state-guaranteed security, many projects are simply not financially viable. At the current pace of expansion, it has now become very likely that the cap will be reached by the beginning of the second half of the year.

Many players in this sector therefore have serious concerns about the future, as urgently needed orders are simply no longer being placed. The great death spiral for solar companies has not yet returned, but it will not remain distant without immediate action.

In southern Europe the Covid lockdown has already brought the solar industry to a standstill. In Germany it could be a combination of both the lockdown and the end of the EEG law, but mainly the latter. This time around it could take a very long time for the industry to sort itself out again in a post-EEG era. But at some point, it really will be too late.

I am not alone in seeing parallels between the threat posed by the virus and the need to advance the fight against climate change. Unfortunately, the only fundamental difference between the two crises is how we deal with them.

To contain the spread of Covid, heads of state and regional politicians are imposing measures that become more drastic by the day. But when it comes to the climate crisis, hope seems to be the guiding principle.

At some point we will come up with something that prevents or reverses climate change; the main thing is to keep the economy roaring and to not make any serious changes.

The volume of traffic on the road, in the water and in the air has fallen sharply, since people started limiting their travel to what is really necessary. People vacation mainly in their own countries, undertake long-distance travel only once a year at most, and then with the smallest possible carbon footprint.

Consumption is regionally focused to strengthen the local economy. Slightly higher prices are not a problem at all, because everything superfluous and wasteful is avoided. A nice steak or some exotic fruit or vegetables are an occasional treat. On the whole, people enjoy the unhurried pace of society, friendly interaction at the office and in the streets, and emission-free fresh air.

This may sound like a distant utopia, but it could soon be reality if we can finally learn from the current crisis and take the right course of action. But will the coronavirus really have the power to bring about these economic and social upheavals in a more extreme and rapid way than a youth and climate movement could ever do?

When each and every one of us, including the decision-makers themselves, is directly affected — a number of prominent politicians are already infected with the novel coronavirus — it is suddenly possible to impose and implement cuts that would have been completely unthinkable before. And yet the consequences of climate change and pollution of our air and water are already far more deadly than a viral infection ever will be.

Every day, countless people — young and old — die as a result of our destructive actions and unbridled consumerism. The big difference is only that it is happening far away and almost unnoticed, and that a large part of the populations of wealthy industrial nations do not seem to be affected by it.

Currently, the coronavirus is public enemy No. The pandemic and associated restrictions have achieved what many critics and some politicians have failed to do: The Friday demonstrations have been canceled!

However, our performance here still leaves much to be desired. Our civilization has been caught off guard by the epidemic, and the scale and scope of the necessary response has for some time been greatly underestimated. The countermeasures came suddenly and inevitably led to chaotic conditions. We are witnessing a demonstration of the fragility of our economic system and how quickly it can be thrown off kilter by an unexpected event, causing people and markets to react irrationally.

Few seemed prepared for such a crisis; there were no fully developed plans for dealing with a pandemic affecting nearly every aspect of the globalized, networked world. Initial panic and chaos are understandable; after all, our jobs, our consumption, our social contacts — in short, our very freedom and prosperity — are likely at stake.

Now, hopefully we will learn a lesson from this, make a genuine fresh start after the pandemic, and not revert completely to old patterns of behavior and our resource-destroying lifestyle.

We are beginning to realize that there is another way. The world will not come to an immediate end if we consume a little less, travel a little less, or party a little less. To restore stability to our system, we need to make even greater adjustments — we now face the challenge of radically transforming our economic system.

Resilience is a much-cited term in connection with the local economy, but it also applies to ecosystems. It describes the ability to overcome disruptions and difficult life situations without lasting damage. This is something our system clearly lacks.

But we can learn a lot from the present crisis; all we need is the courage to do the right thing and let something new, more resilient, and more sustainable emerge from it.

At the moment it still seems there is no political will to enforce what is right and necessary, but only what meets with a broad consensus. For government officials, maintaining power and electability always seems to win out over the common good. Protecting the population from coronavirus is apparently a matter of consensus and justifies drastic measures. But so much more is possible. Once this crisis is behind us, many restrictions should of course be lifted again. What should remain, however, is an awareness of the impending threat of climate change.

The experience that life goes on, even when consumption is constrained, should be drawn upon — we just need to get organized and help each other. We need to continue digitalizing the world of work, while at the same time reducing our dependence on international flows of goods. Both of these things, if implemented properly, will produce deep cuts in CO 2 emissions. The coronavirus Covid outbreak is now dominating daily headlines from China to Europe. There is also increasing talk that the long-underestimated and downplayed epidemic, which likely originated in the Chinese city of Wuhan, is having a negative impact on the global economy.

Although we may all be suffering from information overload about this terrible news by now, the impact of the virus on the solar industry is, unfortunately, a sad reality, and the full extent of its devastation is just beginning to reveal itself. The Chinese authorities have quarantined entire cities, restricted delivery traffic between special economic zones and ports, and imposed house quarantine rules on their own people in an attempt to control the rapid spread of the coronavirus.

Goods that have already been produced that are stored in factories or are already at port are being blocked from delivery — or are only being delivered after considerable delays. It has been just a few days since the news that individual production lines were being ramped up again. But it will be a very long time before existing manufacturing capacity can be fully utilized again, so huge backlogs of orders can be cleared, and cell and module production can return to orderly conditions, because nobody can say when the coronavirus epidemic will peak.

Experts expect that the turning point may not be reached until April, if not later. Due to the strong dependence of the European solar industry on Chinese imports, local manufacturers of modules, inverters, and storage systems are unfortunately equally affected. Solar glass, EVA, cells, electronic components — everything is sourced to a large extent from Asia, and in particular from China. In short, there will be chaos. All manufacturers, including the last remaining German producers, are currently juggling the remaining goods in their warehouses, in port or in transit at sea.

Available goods are scarce and quickly sold out. Smaller companies or customers wanting to place new orders have been left in the lurch. The supply situation for the well-known brands can safely be described as bleak. Switching to less well-known brands is only possible to a limited extent because many of the off-brand manufacturers have not yet supplied sufficiently large quantities to the European market. And freshly manufactured goods from China are then naturally subject to the same constraints as the products of the major players.

Although inverter and storage system suppliers have not been affected by the crisis so far, the deteriorating resupply situation has become apparent there as well. Particularly sought-after types of inverters, especially those for the commercial sector, will no longer be available for the foreseeable future.

Also, the availability of some types of domestic storage systems, such as those from Chinese manufacturer BYD, has not really improved since the end of last year and has again reached a low point. If you have not yet purchased the products for projects to be completed in the next three to four months, the only remaining option is to buy them on the spot market. But since this is largely determined by supply and demand, the conditions for hotly sought-after products will not always be customer friendly.

As early as February, prices were on the rise across all technologies almost without exception. The economic viability of some projects is likely to suffer as a result, and their completion may be in the balance. Whether this will lead to a general market collapse remains to be seen. However, postponing projects planned in the short term to the second half of the year, or even further, is difficult to implement — at least in Germany. There is the monthly reduction of the feed-in tariff, as well as the still-existing 52 GW cap for PV systems to contend with.

However, the abysmal supply situation is affecting almost all market stakeholders, which means that quickly reaching the legally defined maximum cap on subsidized installations will simply be pushed further down the road. Nevertheless, it would be advisable to consider a short-term adjustment in order to prevent further economic damage to operators and investors of newly constructed PV plants. Likewise, those awarded contracts in the round of tenders who have to bring their projects online on time over the course of this year are unlikely to be very happy with the current situation.

All previous measures to end or at least reduce this dangerous dependence — the protectionist measures of the EU Commission between and , for instance — have unfortunately failed miserably. The current situation in the renewable energy sector — and in many other industries, for that matter — is alarming and illustrates that more value-added manufacturing is urgently needed within Europe. Will turn out to be a good year?

What challenges will PV have to contend with? As can be seen from the chart below, there was a slight drop in prices across almost all module technologies, triggered by recent selloffs of manufacturer and dealer product inventories remaining after the holidays at the turn of the year.

This trend will not continue — at least not in the first half of the year — but high demand at the beginning of January has already led to bottlenecks in certain areas. Once again, there is a long wait to purchase, particularly for popular brands and performance classes.

It therefore seems advisable for project planners and installation companies to take precautions if they do not want to be left without high-quality modules in the coming months and then have to take whatever happens to be available. In the case of cheaper mainstream modules, there has already been a supply problem for some time, due to the systematic conversion of module fabrication lines to monocrystalline cells, mostly with PERC technology.

In this category, last month, there were a number of large volume lots of older stock, as well as used modules from plant decommissioning, resulting in a major price decrease. Unlike the prices for the other module classes, this price point is determined exclusively by offers on the spot market. There is occasional mention of lowering the limit on tenders to compensate for the elimination of the cap, and sometimes further cuts to onshore wind development is mooted.

At the moment, however, we are heading for a very dangerous situation. The 52 GW cap is still in place, but fortunately demand for PV systems is high and the order books of installation companies everywhere are solid.

At the same time, modules are becoming increasingly scarce, and available capacities of skilled trades are scarcely sufficient to handle their current project pipelines in a timely manner. According to surveys by installer platform, www. So, once again, we find ourselves in a situation with very little planning certainty. How can investors decide whether to risk their capital if they do not know whether a newly installed PV plant will receive a guaranteed feed-in tariff, if for the aforementioned reasons it cannot be installed and connected to the grid before the second half of the year?

Nevertheless, many medium-sized PV systems from to kW are still being designed and built in Germany as pure EEG-compensated systems. Due to government inaction, this segment could be all but dead, or at least close to dying out. As a result, many companies committed to this segment, slowly getting back on their feet since the major clearing of the field after , are likely to be dogged by intense fears over the future.

So, if the positive developments in the solar energy industry are not to be abruptly curbed once more, we need to set a political course immediately and create a secure legal framework. We cannot wait indefinitely for an EEG amendment, which has not yet been announced. We need a strong solar sector and a strong wind power industry that can offer secure jobs to more and more people.

In this spirit — once again — an urgent appeal: The cap must go! We can look back on an unusually quiet end to , as the final weeks of the year lacked the usual hustle and bustle of the global PV market. As a result, there are no significant price cuts in sight for How did the solar industry fare in ? It was a year of climate strikes, falling module prices, feed-in tariff cuts, and patent lawsuits. Thanks to cuts in the incentives for new medium to large installations introduced to the German market in April, small systems — preferably with hybrid inverters in combination with storage — increasingly caught the attention of those interested in photovoltaics.

Many installers, in Germany at least, almost exclusively built small plants up to 30 kW this year. Although German inverter manufacturers such as SMA and Kostal face increasing pressure from major Chinese suppliers, they have managed to retain a large market share in the small-plant segment. Even so, established inverter manufacturers seem to have been caught off guard by the uptick in demand, with the result that most devices in the 5 to 25 kW range sold out very quickly in the June-July time frame.

At mid-year, however, there were also fears that modules were headed for a bottleneck. News from China suggested we could see an unprecedented year-end rally. After a comparatively weak first half, subsequent auctions were held for systems with a total capacity of around At the same time, the forecast for in China was raised to around 40 GW.

It has now become clear, however, that this boom failed to materialize, and the feared shortage of modules was unfounded. There was broad speculation about the consequences of retaining the cap: The fixed upper limit, which would abruptly cut off incentives under the legislation, would have an increasingly negative effect on decisions to invest in PV plants.

Meanwhile, although elimination of the 52 GW cap has been incorporated into the climate package, the question of a possible follow-on regulation has not been conclusively settled, and no concrete date has been set for doing so. Because no module bottleneck occurred, inverters and storage systems became available again — so what else could stand in the way of installing photovoltaics on every available surface, thus facilitating the rapid implementation of the energy trangsition?

A lack of qualified technicians! Following the huge collapse in the solar industry after , solar electricians moved to other segments, with the result that — in Germany, at least — there was a shortage of workers and specialists in the PV sector.

This bottleneck alone has given rise to fears that if climate targets in the electricity sector are to be reached at all, it will only be with considerable delays. In the coming years, huge investments will have to be made in research, and in training new skilled workers. For this purpose, the German government has earmarked …nothing.

Leaders had another chance to set a decisive path forward at the UN Climate Change conference in Madrid last month. To encourage delegates to take action, there was another major climate strike on Nov. Once again, however, only half-hearted declarations of intent were drawn up and the much-needed drastic changes in our resource-consuming economic system were neglected.

So the groups working against climate change will probably have to continue striking. Because there is no alternative, even if many people may still hope for a miracle. The negative signs of global warming are already clearly visible. Renewable energy will play a major role in the sector; this is now the broad consensus. To this end, the obstacles that currently hinder their use outside the government-sponsored framework must be quickly removed.

These include bureaucratic hurdles in the implementation of tenant electricity models and citizen energy systems, excessively high grid transmission fees, and taxes.

Nearly all major manufacturers have converted to purely monocrystalline. Price levels will at best continue to decline slightly — that is, apart from inventory clearance or emergency sales. The end of the downward price spiral seems to have been reached, at least for silicon products, due to more efficient production technologies, and above all economies of scale.

This is shown in the graphs in the pvXchange price index, which have been moving sideways for months. The elimination of foundations anchored in the seabed allows the development of new offshore areas and the expansion of wind turbines beyond the 10 MW capacity limit. Nevertheless, hope remains that the new distance regulation for onshore wind turbines in Germany will be reconsidered. These turbines help to avoid oversized and expensive power lines, which have similar public acceptance problems as large modern wind turbines.

The involvement and financial participation of local residents is an effective means of improving acceptance. In this area, we can look forward to more new ideas and innovative models in the future. The climate crisis cannot be tackled by individuals; it has to be a group effort. To hear our policymakers talk, the energy transition — an unprecedented, radical and rapid transformation of our energy and economic systems — is now in full swing. But reality paints a completely different picture.

Even for the big energy companies, which once leaned on the brakes in the face of change, the current pace of the federal government has become too sluggish.

The utilities have started to set the pace for change to prepare quickly for a future in which emissions-free energy will be generated exclusively from renewable sources. With or without climate targets, for the utilities it is a matter of developing a survival strategy in a disruptive market. At the end of , we can look back on a year of public protest in the form of climate strikes and roadblocks, which began with Greta Thunberg in Sweden and have now spread across the globe.

Young people are no longer standing idly by and watching as policymakers and businesspeople frivolously jeopardize their futures by continually adhering to conventional energy sources and mobility concepts. But how did the solar industry actually fare in this year of upheaval?

December The final months of last year were initially marked by a sharp drop in module prices, triggered on the one hand by cuts to subsidy programs announced in China, and on the other by the elimination of the minimum import price MIP in Europe.

After five years of market regulation, which the European Commission believed could counter price dumping by Chinese manufacturers and save the domestic solar industry, it was finally over in September But the success of these measures was limited —scarcely any local manufacturers had survived the competition. The resulting market turmoil subsided somewhat after the cuts were finally passed in a more moderate form. Overall, the fourth quarter of and the first quarter of saw a rapid increase in installed PV capacity in Germany.

Meanwhile, the United Nations Climate Change Conference kicked off in Katowice, Poland, with lots of hot air and half-hearted promises, instead of finally sending a clear signal about a more rapid restructuring of economic and energy systems. But then came the ray of hope: Greta Thunberg, then only 15, from Sweden, captured the attention of the world for the first time with an impressive, emotional speech to delegates from all over the world.

March Module manufacturer Hanwha Q Cells filed lawsuits against three of its competitors — REC Group, JinkoSolar and Longi Solar — on several continents for alleged infringements of existing patents on its cell technologies. Q Cells was certainly a pioneer in the use of PERC technology, but the counterparties rejected the accusation out of hand and insisted they had developed this technology themselves and were using it lawfully.

The patent lawsuit has not yet been decided, but the outlook is not very promising. An interim report on the patent review in the United States has confirmed non-infringement of the most important of the patents under discussion. April Since the beginning of the year, schoolchildren and college students around the world had been taking to the streets on Fridays to protest the inaction of the political establishment, or rather the whole generation of their parents and grandparents.

Young people no longer wanted to accept that their future — or, more precisely, their chance of a decent life on this planet — was being endangered in such a frivolous way.

Not only was this frivolous, but also ignorant, since the facts about the causes and effects of the progressive destruction of the environment have been known for decades. Yet, apart from declarations of intent, nothing decisive has been set in motion in the right direction. Public surveys have shown, for example, that the resulting increase in the cost of flights or car journeys would not be sufficient to force anyone to change their behavior. After some short-term price drops at the end of the third quarter to quickly draw down inventories and make room for new goods, the market is now largely back on track.

The prices across all panel types have stabilized — only the prices for high-efficiency and bifacial products have seen a slight uptick, but this can also be attributed to natural fluctuations in the spot market. Also, just last month I changed the performance classes I am tracking, and thus the boundaries between low-cost, mainstream and high-efficiency products — the result being that the slightly cheaper modules with W were excluded from the average price of the latter class.

The cutoff for high-efficiency modules is now W, and for mainstream modules, W. So what are we lacking in this now saturated market? Thanks to the Fridays-for-Future movement, there is broad-based support among the population for the exclusive use of renewable energy in the near future and a public willingness in principle to invest in renewables — by installing private PV plants, for example.

Companies in the traditional electrical engineering sector shifted to PV plant design and construction, and many hundreds of thousands of workers had a place in the renewable energy sector. But then came the great slash-and-burn campaign. In several stages, the Renewable Energy Act in Germany and incentives in many other European countries were curtailed and downgraded to such an extent that the building of new plants simply became unattractive and the markets tanked. There was mass migration of skilled workers looking for new fields of work that were safe from the whims of policymakers.

The few companies that have remained loyal to the industry despite all this are now desperately trying to cope with the growing workload with much smaller teams. Some companies that have recovered are trying to win back their former employees — experienced planners and installers — through attractive working conditions and salaries.

But other companies from less turbulent industries are paying better, and the jobs in those fields are presumably safer. In Germany at least, there is a major shortage of workers and professionals in the PV sector, with many orders for installations not accepted at all.

In other European countries, the situation is not much better. Places like Spain and the UK, which have essentially been large-scale markets in the past, are completely lacking the expertise for small installations with storage and optimization for onsite consumption.

So what needs to be done to improve the situation? Market players need to look after the next generation by training new specialists themselves.

To this end, educational initiatives and other government support — such as tax relief and reductions in social security contributions for companies that provide training — would be helpful. But these measures can only be effective over the longer term.

In order to overcome the bottleneck in the short term, installion. By specifically attracting electricians from other sectors, the young company claims that it already supports a double-digit number of utilities, manufacturers, wholesalers and large installation companies in the structured acquisition of installers.

This offers some hope that in the future there will be fewer promising photovoltaic projects that never leave the drawing board due to a lack of personnel to build them. Martin Schachinger, pvXchange. At Intersolar Europe , held earlier this year in Munich, exhibits of this kind could be found at the booths of nearly every major module manufacturer.

C ompanies have outdone themselves with the amount of output the front side of PV modules can deliver. W i th W on the front side, for instance, manfacturers can add as much as W of additional output to the back, so that modules from companies like Longi Solar and Trina Solar promise to deliver significantly more than W.

The reality does not look quite so promising, however. Demand for this module technology, and thus the actual extent of its use, is still very limited, at least in Central Europe. Nevertheless, dealers and manufacturers are currently offering more and more products on short notice that can be purchased at least in small to medium quantities.

Increasing supply at the beginning of the year prompted me to include bifacial modules in my analysis and later in the index. It should be noted that the type and design of the products analyzed can vary greatly. In addition to glass-glass modules — with or without frames — some manufacturers also offer glass-film modules, which means the manufacturing costs and thus the selling price can vary considerably.

As with all price points in the index, the price shown is an average of all brands and supply chain levels. Overall, prices have remained largely stable across all technologies over the past month. Only mainstream modules continued on a downward trend.

As a result, larger inventories were dumped on the market on short notice at special prices, which then put pressure on the competition. The stock clearance operation essentially concerned only modules in the lower output classes of each category. But back to bifacial. Demand is still quite low, mainly due to a lack of experience with the technology, and thus the absence of concrete applications.

Experts still cannot agree on standardized data and test procedures, which puts planners at the mercy of manufacturer forecasts regarding the potential increase in performance under certain conditions.

Some of the larger EPCs therefore first set up small test systems to determine the necessary parameters, in comparison with conventional installations, and then calculate a more reliable estimate. There is no real comparability, even between products of different designs within this category, and the profitability of bifacial projects is still uncertain. Additional yield can only be achieved by optimizing the support structure, so the module backs are completely free of shading, and by increasing the reflectivity of the surface beneath the panels.

However, demand for bifacial products is already much higher in some parts of the Middle East, as well as in Asia — that is, everywhere where large ground-mounted plants are built in desert-like regions. Tracked systems in particular allow the modules to capitalize on all their advantages. The United States is also an attractive market, as bifacial solar modules are exempt from existing punitive tariffs. Only here in Central Europe will it probably take some time for bifacial modules to gain a foothold.

Although small- to medium-sized roof systems are increasingly equipped with highly efficient panels, bifacial has yet to find a way into this market. This month, Martin Schachinger of pvXchange homes in on the German market to show what consequences unwise action — or rather, inaction — by the federal government could have for the further, urgently needed expansion of photovoltaics.

If this is extrapolated — taking into account the current rate of build-out — the upper limit for systems up to kW that are eligible for EEG funding will be reached by summer Module prices have scarcely changed over the past month. Despite tightening supplies — especially for modules in the lower output range — all prices, with the exception of those for all-black modules, fell slightly.

The summer lull could exacerbate this trend, but the euro exchange rate is also working to counteract it. Exchange-rate losses would make products manufactured in Asia and traded in U. This means in absolute terms that the module sector can be said to have seen slight price reductions over the past few months; we just have yet to notice them here in Europe.

However, this sideways movement in prices will not last long, as the market is currently recovering — both in Germany and around the world. A number of community and industry organizations, such as the German Solar Industry Association BSW , have been calling on the federal government to remove the 52 GW cap from the EEG, pointing to lower electricity production costs, as well as the looming failure to meet climate targets.

Krannich Solar asked them to send in their own statements, accompanied by a logo. All were put on cardboard lids, which were then sent to government representatives in Berlin, with all of the individually written reasons for abolishing the cap. These activities are slowly having an effect, but there is still disagreement on the right course of action. Debates are underway in the committees on how to proceed with the expansion of PV and wind power.

The fixed upper limit, which — according to current legislation — would abruptly cut off incentives once reached, could have a negative impact on investment decisions related to PV systems. For cost-effectiveness reasons, once the statutory feed-in tariffs have run out, the installation of new plants will be limited solely to systems installed to cover on-site requirements. As a result, the market for roof-mounted systems would decline dramatically. The cap therefore must be abolished — quickly.

However, at the conclusion of a recent meeting, the state politicians failed to specify a concrete procedure for achieving this.

Without a government-backed compensation scheme it would be a stretch to finance medium- to large-sized plants. What alternatives can financial service providers expect from their customers that can match a legally guaranteed feed-in tariff? So, if the cap is not lifted immediately, we will face the threat of a run on the last 4 GW eligible for incentives.

It will be the worst kind of expansion with all the usual negatives: last-minute panic, acceleration of installations with scarce resources — manpower and materials — and the result will be higher prices and lower quality.

I therefore emphatically urge all players, both inside and outside of the PV sector, who are serious about the energy transition and a resolute approach to climate change to join one of the many campaigns and petitions in the call to scrap the 52 GW PV cap. Overview of the price points broken down by technology in August with changes over the previous month as of 19 August :.

Module types with black backsheets, black frames and rated power between and Wp. Modules typically with 60 cells, standard aluminum frames, white backsheets and to Wp — this represents most modules on the market. Factory seconds, insolvency goods, used or low-output modules crystalline and prod ucts with limited or no warranty.

Notes : Only tax-free prices for PV modules are shown, with stated prices reflecting average prices on the European spot market customs cleared Source : pvXchange. Indications and rumors are mounting that a year-end installation rally is ahead, complete with module shortages. But should we really take these warnings to heart, given that over the past eight to 10 months, supply lines have been flowing just fine? A look at prices shows that everything is still quiet.

The price points for all the module technologies have been fluctuating around a support level for months without permanently breaking through it. There is still ample supply of high-efficiency monocrystalline modules on the market, and mainstream multicrystalline products are finding their way to Europe less and less frequently, but demand does not seem to be much higher than supply.

So what is the point of forward-looking planning or even stockpiling? W e should start by taking a brief foray into the inverter market, which is known to be more strictly organized and therefore far less volatile. Nearly all of the manufacturers lowered their prices in the first half of this year and issued new price lists. SMA and Kostal are increasingly facing pressure from major Chinese suppliers, while other European brands are seeking to join forces with deep-pocketed partners.

Owing to the steady increase in demand, especially in the small-plant sector, most units in the mid-range capacity segment, from 6 kW to 25 kW, are now sold out and will not be available again until the end of August, or in some cases, until October. This has created problems for many installers. New projects have had to be put on hold, while projects that were already underway have been delayed.

Dealers with inventories may take advantage of the situation to jack up prices for the most sought-after models.

It is not easy to understand how this bottleneck could have occurred in Europe, as the forecasts for had predicted precisely this development. But storage systems for plants of this size are also in short supply, and long delivery times are simply a fact of life.

At least this component does not depend on a timely grid connection — batteries can be added later. To prevent this predicament from also occurring with PV panels, installers would do well to plan in advance and secure necessary materials for the months ahead early on, whether by stocking up or through long-term contracts. After all, the latest news from China is not the only indication that we will soon be facing an unprecedented year-end rally. In a recent auction, awards for almost 4, PV plants were handed out, with a total capacity of some At the same time, the projected new capacity installation figure for in China was increased to around 40 GW.

But there is a good deal going on in Europe, as well. Italy will also hold its first call for tenders at the end of September for a photovoltaic capacity of some MW. Three more are planned for , but the total volume seems almost laughable next to the scale of the Asian market.

In Europe, installation figures will rise from In addition to Europe, there are also emerging markets in other regions, such as South America, the Middle East and Africa, where at least two to three countries in each region could each achieve a gigawatt-scale increase. Tenders for PV plants and feed-in tariffs for distributed generation continue to be the driving forces behind new PV installations in Europe.

But government programs aside, the market for unsubsidized solar projects in countries such as Spain, the United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal, Germany and even Denmark, Bulgaria and Greece continues to gain traction. Spain alone has a project pipeline of an estimated 10 GW, in addition to the 3. The latest royal decree of April 5, , also finally introduced consumer-friendly regulations for private consumption systems. The surplus energy can now be fed into the grid at a fair rate.

According to SolarPower Europe, an additional In terms of its expansion forecast, Spain is therefore once again one of the 15 leading solar PV markets worldwide. The Netherlands also saw an increase last year, with a total of 1. This year, the Dutch solar market is expected to grow to more than 2 GW, which is considerable given the size of the overall market. In addition, there are still up to 7 GW of approved solar projects slated for implementation within the next three to four years.

By comparison, development in Germany has been downright leisurely. Although many politicians are on a summer break, the climate cabinet and the chancellor have announced a whole series of new legislative measures for September that will affect climate protection. The European PV market also appears to be on summer vacation, especially since the weather and temperatures in many places are making installation on rooftops difficult.

Those who do not want to fall into the same trap as in previous years and be helplessly at the mercy of a supply bottleneck, however, would be well advised to plan the second half of the year in advance.

It is still not too late to go on a shopping spree, negotiate conditions and conclude contracts. By Martin Schachinger, pvXchange. Overview of the price points broken down by technology in July with changes over the previous month as of 19 July :. The current weather on the continent — with humid, stormy heat in the northeast and damp, cold air in the south and southwest — is not exactly the ideal recipe for brisk activity in the PV industry.

On the contrary, following a hectic first quarter, a kind of inertia seems to have taken hold. Project planners and installers are reorienting themselves, assessing what the market will bear and feeling out prices. P rojects in Europe are being developed at a leisurely pace and handled one step at a time.

The result is that there are more goods on the market again, which means that some suppliers will have trouble following through with price increases they have already announced.

Module prices are dipping downward again as manufacturers and dealers seek to avoid higher inventories with the end of the first half approaching. Project-based discounts are therefore negotiable these days.

Major trade fairs, such as Intersolar Europe in May and SNEC in Shanghai at the beginning of June, have provided insights into current technological developments as well as forecasts for the future direction of the market. In the meantime, an increasing number of people are announcing impending module bottlenecks and claiming that a veritable run on inexpensive modules is in the offing. We are hearing that in the third quarter the supply of multicrystalline modules, in particular, will be snapped up and that it would be wise to get them now while the getting is good.

Some of the tier-1 manufacturers are using this rationale to justify their overall pricing policies; that is, maintenance of previous price levels with an eye to gradual increases of 1 to 2 cents. At the same time, however, significant volumes of low-cost modules continue to appear on the European market with prices not significantly below, but by no means above, the levels of recent months.

In other words, nobody really seems to be paying heed to forecasts that were made at the trade fairs. With regard to China, many analysts are again expecting 30 to 40 GW of new capacity to come online this year. However, the first half has been relatively restrained, with new installations of less than 10 GW to date, because of the need to wait for important policy decisions and new feed-in tariffs. Many projects which had already been planned were temporarily put on hold.

The upshot was that a large proportion of the cells and modules produced in China were exported to other parts of the world, where prices stagnated or even fell. Now, however, new tariffs and programs have been announced and the machinery is running again.

The Chinese government is giving grid parity projects priority over tenders and is unlikely to launch any new projects in the Top Runner program, under which mainly high-efficiency monocrystalline modules were installed. In the second half of the year, many PV projects with cheaper multicrystalline modules will probably be built in China. If the overall forecasts for new installations can be believed, at least 20 to 25 GW of these modules will still be needed this year in China alone.

When one also considers the fact that many manufacturers have already reduced their production capacities for multicrystalline cells and modules and that they supposedly only have a small amount of room to counteract the situation, a bottleneck is inevitable.

Multicrystalline modules are unlikely to find their way to Europe and those that do will only be available at unattractive prices. So much for the theory propagated on all sides by the manufacturers. The hope is that this situation will encourage customers to plan ahead and order the module volumes they need for the months ahead. But unfortunately, the past has too often taught us otherwise. When things really got tight, many module manufacturers no longer felt bound by their previous commitments; instead, they invented all manner of excuses as to why they could either not deliver or only do so under less favorable conditions.

Actually, we who bore the brunt of these practices thought that they were finally a thing of the past. Yet, I have the sneaking suspicion that there are more unpleasant surprises in store for us. I will therefore refrain from making a clear recommendation in favor of longer-term supply contracts. Rather, buyers should decide for themselves whether they believe the forecasts and trust the assurances of the suppliers.

One approach can never go wrong, however: Stay flexible and have a Plan B. There is always more than one way to complete a project. It may be that highly efficient modules, even bifacial ones, are not such a bad alternative to the cheaper multicrystalline panels offering significantly lower output by surface area. The increased capacity of PERC cells and modules, as well as continuous developments in mono- and bifacial panels toward ever higher outputs, means that the price difference between these products and good multicrystalline panels is no longer so high, especially for the performance classes just below those of the top modules.

Another indication of this is that the price curves for high-efficiency and mainstream modules in the price index are steadily converging. Considering the lower space requirements and therefore lower consumption of materials, as well as shorter installation times, the higher-priced modules may not be so much more expensive after all.

Author Martin Schachinger, pvXchange. Overview of price points by technology As of June 18, , including changes over the previous month :. Since the last reduction in the German feed-in tariff for medium-sized PV systems at the beginning of April, not much has changed in terms of module prices.

This is down to unchanged demand in the country — at least in the first days of April. What is more, any local lags in the market are outweighed by steadily rising demand throughout Europe. Young people no longer want to accept the frivolous endangerment of their livelihoods on this planet.

Facts about the causes and effects of the ongoing destruction of the environment have been known for decades, but beyond high-minded declarations no one has taken decisive action.

This may be the right approach, but if the compromise is to be anything other than lazy or minimal, negotiations have to start with radical or outrageous demands. Your Gospel Team is a gospel choir, the first one in Switzerland, specialized in the animation of the weddings, concerts, The machine is in good working order. Detailed photos available on request.

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Alongside all of the problems, has brought us a few promising initiatives and developments. Martin Schachinger of pvXchange. A little more than a year later, in Julythe courts handed down their first rulings. The judges granted Hanwha Q Cells an injunction, to which all defendants immediately appealed. JinkoSolar alone had affirmed from the beginning of the proceedings that the products it currently supplied were not affected by the lawsuit.

The other two competitors remained tight-lipped in this regard. Nevertheless, the same companies took precautionary measures to at least limit the damage should the ruling be upheld.

Longi Pv elite 2017 system requirements free temporarily hp client security manager windows 10 download shipments of certain products, while REC reduced its product range to the Alpha series.

In November, there was some further movement in the dispute after the Chinese patent office rejected nullification proceedings initiated by Longi Solar in late However, the office only reviewed the legal validity of the two patents at issue in China and declared them partially invalid.

Currently, a review before the European Patent Office is also in progress, but its final decision is still pending. This dispute will therefore drag on for a while, and the outcome remains uncertain. In August and September, module prices across the board reached all-time lows. Following pandemic-related shutdowns in the spring, most PV manufacturers had resumed normal production operations.

Raw material prices for silicon wafers and solar glass were also moderate, and the dollar exchange rate was balanced. However, this was to change significantly in the months that followed. Driven by the chaos of an out-of-control Covid pandemic in the United Autodesk trial 2016 free and by President Donald Trump, the dollar exchange rate continued its slide.

This exchange rate weakness made dollar-based solar panels from China somewhat cheaper. In addition, there is currently a shortage of windows 10 enterprise hibernate free and solar glass.

This trend will probably not reverse until the second quarter of In the fourth quarter, the question was whether Covid would leave its mark on the PV industry in However, this assessment mainly applied to medium and large-scale projects, often with transregional participation.

In Germany, the government responded by extending the completion deadlines for tenders awarded by up to six months. In pv elite 2017 system requirements free small to medium-sized PV systems sector, there was scarcely any discernible negative impact resulting from the pandemic, at least in Germany. Many consumers seemed to want to increase their level of self-sufficiency using their own solar power system at a high self-consumption rate.

This provided full order books for many solar installers, who have been and continue to be among the winners in the crisis. Nevertheless, the German government has not managed to present a consensus-worthy follow-up regulation in time. This and a number of other important issues were supposed to be addressed by the amendment to the law, which was adobe illustrator and photoshop take effect in and finally passed in November.

The bill presented to the public by the German coalition parties in September was an unambitious, half-baked draft that triggered widespread indignation in the industry. Introduced without comprehensive changes, it threatens not only a collapse in installation figures, but also the pv elite 2017 system requirements free of existing PV capacities.

The continued operation of plants coming up on their year mark would simply be uneconomical for many operators. Since the introduction of the draft, associations, the opposition, and the governing coalition have been приведенная ссылка the far-too-modest expansion targets, excessive measurement and regulation requirements, the counterproductive EEG surcharge for small systems, the extension of the tendering obligation to smaller PV systems, as well as the treatment of year-old, or post-EEG, systems.

An end has been in sight since Dec. We were all waiting with ссылка breath for the final text of the law. Our two strong German women in Berlin and Brussels, Angela Merkel and Ursula von der Leyen, are standing up to pv elite 2017 system requirements free political machos elsewhere in the European Union and trying to implement the principles of the rule of law, a humane refugee policy, and more ambitious climate targets, through the Green Deal, for instance, to the extent politically possible at the moment.

The issue of climate change has not completely dropped off the radar, despite the pandemic. Instead, parallels are pointed out and appeals are made to common sense and for people to listen to science much more closely than in the past when prioritizing measures and combating crises. Ultimately, the Covid protection measures, the pv elite 2017 system requirements free up to and including the hard lockdown, have made everyone around the world aware of what is important and what we can do without, if necessary, permanently.

Our Western society — no, the entire human race — is unlikely to be the same before the crisis once the pandemic has been dealt with, which will hopefully proceed apace in the coming year. Business and politics will also no longer fall back into their old, outdated patterns; I am optimistic about that. We will rethink many things, doing them differently and hopefully better as a result. This is an opportunity that has been given to us unexpectedly and that we should urgently take advantage of.

For that I would just like to http://replace.me/7073.txt, thank you! Notes: Only tax-free prices for PV modules are shown, with stated prices reflecting average prices on the European spot market customs cleared Source: pvXchange.

Martin Schachinger has been active in the field of photovoltaics and renewable energy for more than 20 years. In he founded the internationally renowned online trading platform pvXchange. And yet, what followed was not only one of the hottest years on record, but also one of the craziest in recent decades. This month and next, Martin Schachinger of pvXchange looks back at how European PV markets have developed under the pall of the pandemic and climate change.

Mild weather rang in the new year and business was excellent for installers everywhere. Some forecasts projected this would happen as early as the second quarter. That triggered a race to install the final few megawatts eligible for subsidies. At the same time, module availability was poor, and capacities for installers were tight.

A bad situation was made worse by the reluctance of decision makers in the government to lift the 52 GW cap in the EEG. Unfortunately, the governing parties took no substantial steps to fulfill promises made in the climate package. The industry was confronted with very little security, prompting a battle cry: The cap must go! Following devastating forest fires in Australia, the spread of Covid pv elite 2017 system requirements free to dominate media coverage in China, and then in Europe.

At that time, few could imagine how severe the pandemic would http://replace.me/11808.txt. Negative impacts were initially limited to factory workers in China pv elite 2017 system requirements free sent on compulsory leave or prevented from starting work after the Lunar New Year holidays.

As a result, the pv elite 2017 system requirements free chain for raw materials virtually collapsed, and Asian cell and module production, among other things, came to a standstill.

As the pandemic progressed, parallels emerged with the threat of advancing climate change. In the media excitement about the virus, however, the climate crisis increasingly receded into the background. To curb the rate of infection, politicians ordered increasingly drastic measures. Unfortunately, the Fridays for Future movement also fell victim to these restrictions.

The protests, held regularly for more than a year, could no longer take place. Though the movement continued in social networks, it did not have the same impact as mass protest in the streets.

Nevertheless, we can learn a great deal from the pandemic. We were made painfully aware pv elite 2017 system requirements free the instability of some industries and our system as a whole. We have seen how entire branches of the economy, which thrived financially and were so influential in a society of abundance, reached the verge of collapse within a few weeks and can now only be saved with massive government assistance.

The trend toward larger module formats began. Producers announced new module power ratings north of W. This increase in surface area was made possible with larger wafers and cells. Half-cut cells became more common; some even divided cells into thirds or quarters, using high-density interconnection technology in the modules. This took place almost exclusively in monocrystalline cells, with multicrystalline products increasingly disappearing from the market.

Since buyers do not pay for the module itself, but for the output, continuing to increase output per module was the obvious choice for manufacturers. This meant more money could be demanded for a module at the same cost, even as the per watt price stayed the same pv elite 2017 system requirements free fell.

In fact, after almost a year of stagnation, wholesale prices for high-efficiency modules slowly started to fall again. On the evening of June 18,the pv elite 2017 system requirements free had finally come, and the German parliament decided to remove the 52 GW cap on PV installations. Had нажмите чтобы прочитать больше waited just a few more weeks, the limit would have been reached, and no pv elite 2017 system requirements free PV systems would have been eligible.

The only reason subsidies were not stopped much earlier was the delay caused by Covid and the associated restriction of supply chains. At the same time, however, the German government announced a more comprehensive revision of the EEG for the fall. The pandemic has also had a negative impact on the energy markets themselves, says the consultancy. Persistently lower commodity prices made conventional energy more attractive, and the expansion of renewables pv elite 2017 system requirements free logic pro x mixing free download. As low electricity prices chip away at future profitability of PV and wind energy, incentives for investment have failed to materialize.

And this, in turn, has deterred project developers from concluding new power purchase agreements. Martin Schachinger of pvXchange examines the ongoing effects of Covid The delay it describes primarily affects medium to large projects, often with supra-regional participation. The degree to which current restrictions have pv elite 2017 system requirements free the installation segment is something I will return to later. After all, under normal conditions, hard-working installation pv elite 2017 system requirements free mainly from Eastern European regions move from one major construction site to the next in their daily work.

We do not see this practice in the disributed PV segment, since for economic reasons companies tend to work with their own people or those in the immediate vicinity. In the small to medium-sized PV systems segment — in Germany, at least — there has scarcely been any discernible negative impact from the pandemic so far. Sustained demand for high-efficiency modules is leading to price stagnation.

Smaller projects посетить страницу usually planned and built by a single provider. If necessary, the contractor will pitch in if there is a shortage of personnel.

The greatest concern with such projects is the delayed delivery of components. Storage systems in particular have been a bottleneck for small PV plants throughout Fortunately, a plant can be completed and connected even without the planned storage system. The battery is simply delivered later and integrated into источник system.

Nevertheless, demand for storage is holding steady. In Germany, residential storage is enjoying growing popularity.

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The Xbox is a home video game console developed by Microsoft. As the successor to the original Xbox , it is the second console in the Xbox series. It competed with Sony ‘s PlayStation 3 and Nintendo ‘s Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles. It was officially unveiled on MTV on May 12, , with detailed launch and game information announced later that month at the Electronic Entertainment Expo.

The Xbox features an online service, Xbox Live , which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console’s lifetime. Available in free and subscription-based varieties, Xbox Live allows users to: play games online ; download games through Xbox Live Arcade and game demos; purchase and stream music, television programs, and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals; and access third-party content services through media streaming applications.

In addition to online multimedia features, it allows users to stream media from local PCs. Several peripherals have been released, including wireless controllers , expanded hard drive storage, and the Kinect motion sensing camera.

The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming-only to encompassing all multimedia, turning it into a hub for living-room computing entertainment. Launched worldwide across —, the Xbox was initially in short supply in many regions, including North America and Europe.

The earliest versions of the console suffered from a high failure rate , indicated by the so-called ” Red Ring of Death “, necessitating an extension of the device’s warranty period.

Microsoft released two redesigned models of the console: the Xbox S in , [27] and the Xbox E in Although not the best-selling console of its generation, the Xbox was deemed by TechRadar to be the most influential through its emphasis on digital media distribution and multiplayer gaming on Xbox Live. The Xbox ‘s successor, the Xbox One , was released on November 22, On August 12, , ATI signed on to produce the graphic processing unit for the new console, a deal which was publicly announced two days later.

In its first year in the market, the system was launched in 36 countries, more countries than any other console has launched in a single year. In , IGN named the Xbox the sixth-greatest video game console of all time, out of a field of Killzone is no Halo and nowadays Gran Turismo is no Forza , but it’s not about the exclusives—there’s nothing to trump Naughty Dog ‘s PS3 output, after all. Rather, it’s about the choices Microsoft made back in the original Xbox’s lifetime.

The PC-like architecture meant the early EA Sports games ran at 60fps compared to only 30 on PS3, Xbox Live meant every dedicated player had an existing friends list, and Halo meant Microsoft had the killer next-generation exclusive.

And when developers demo games on PC now they do it with a pad—another industry benchmark, and a critical one. The Xbox began production only 69 days before launch, [45] [46] and Microsoft was not able to supply enough systems to meet initial consumer demand in Europe or North America, selling out completely upon release in all regions except in Japan.

In May , Microsoft announced that 10 million Xbox s had been sold and that it was the “first current generation gaming console” to surpass the 10 million figure in the US.

In Europe, the Xbox has sold seven million units as of November 20, The Xbox crossed the 1 million units sold in Japan in March , [65] and the 1.

While the Xbox has sold poorly in Japan, it improved upon the sales of the original Xbox , which had total sales of , units. Ultimately, Edge magazine would report that Microsoft had been unable to make serious inroads into the dominance of domestic rivals Sony and Nintendo; adding that lackluster sales in Japan had led to retailers scaling down and in some cases, discontinuing sales of the Xbox completely.

The Xbox sold much better than its predecessor, and although not the best-selling console of the seventh generation, it is regarded as a success since it strengthened Microsoft as a major force in the console market at the expense of well-established rivals. TechRadar proclaimed that “Xbox passes the baton as the king of the hill — a position that puts all the more pressure on its successor, Xbox One”. The Xbox ‘s advantage over its competitors was due to the release of high-profile games from both first party and third-party developers.

The Game Critics Awards honored the platform with 38 nominations and 12 wins — more than any other platform. TechRadar deemed the Xbox as the most influential game system through its emphasis of digital media distribution, Xbox Live online gaming service, and game achievement feature. Microsoft announced the successor to the Xbox , the Xbox One , on May 21, New titles were still being released in Speaking to Engadget at E3 after the announcement of Project Scarlett , the next-generation of Xbox consoles after the Xbox One, Phil Spencer stated that there were still “millions and millions of players” active on the Xbox The main unit of the Xbox itself has slight double concavity in matte white or black.

The official color of the white model is Arctic Chill. It features a port on the top when vertical left side when horizontal to which a custom-housed hard disk drive unit can be attached. On the Slim and E models, the hard drive bay is on the bottom when vertical right side when horizontal and requires the opening of a concealed door to access it. This does not void the warranty. Various hard disk drives have been produced, including options at 20, 60, , , , or GB.

Inside, the Xbox uses the triple-core IBM designed Xenon as its CPU, with each core capable of simultaneously processing two threads , and can therefore operate on up to six threads at once. Its main memory pool is MB in size. Many accessories are available for the console, including both wired and wireless controllers , faceplates for customization, headsets for chatting, a webcam for video chatting, dance mats and Gamercize for exercise, three sizes of memory units and five sizes of hard drives 20, 60, , initially Japan only, [98] but later also available elsewhere [99] [] and GB , among other items, all of which are styled to match the console.

The accessory was discontinued in after the format war had ended in Blu-ray ‘s favor. Kinect is a “controller-free gaming and entertainment experience” for the Xbox The Kinect accessory is compatible with all Xbox models, [] connecting to new models via a custom connector, and to older ones via a USB and mains power adapter. It was released on November 4, The original shipment of the Xbox version included a cut-down version of the Media Remote as a promotion.

Two major hardware revisions of the Xbox have succeeded the original models; the Xbox S also referred to as the “Slim” replaced the original “Elite” and “Arcade” models in The S model carries a smaller, streamlined appearance with an angular case, and utilizes a redesigned motherboard designed to alleviate the hardware and overheating issues experienced by prior models. It also includes a proprietary port for use with the Kinect sensor.

November 22, []. August 6, []. August 1, []. September 5, []. June 19, [27]. June 10, []. The original model of the Xbox has been subject to a number of technical problems. Since the console’s release in , users have reported concerns over its reliability and failure rate. To aid customers with defective consoles, Microsoft extended the Xbox ‘s manufacturer’s warranty to three years for hardware failure problems that generate a “General Hardware Failure” error report.

A “General Hardware Failure” is recognized on all models released before the Xbox S by three quadrants of the ring around the power button flashing red. This error is often known as the ” Red Ring of Death “. After these problems surfaced, Microsoft attempted to modify the console to improve its reliability.

Modifications included a reduction in the number, size, and placement of components, the addition of dabs of epoxy on the corners and edges of the CPU and GPU as glue to prevent movement relative to the board during heat expansion, [] and a second GPU heatsink to dissipate more heat. The system will then warn the user of imminent system shutdown until the system has cooled, [] whereas a flashing power button that alternates between green and red is an indication of a “General Hardware Failure” unlike older models where three of the quadrants would light up red.

The Xbox launched with 14 games in North America and 13 in Europe. The console’s best-selling game for , Call of Duty 2 , sold over a million copies. Six games were initially available in Japan, while eagerly anticipated games such as Dead or Alive 4 and Enchanted Arms were released in the weeks following the console’s launch.

Mistwalker’s first game, Blue Dragon , was released in and had a limited-edition bundle which sold out quickly with over 10, pre-orders. Mistwalker’s second game, Lost Odyssey also sold over , copies. By , game releases started to decline as most publishers instead focused on the Xbox One. The last official game released for the system was Just Dance , released on October 23, , in North America, and October 25 in Europe and Australia.

As one of the late updates to the software following its discontinuation, Microsoft will add the ability for Xbox users to use cloud saves even if they do not have Xbox Live Gold prior to the launch of the Xbox Series X and Series S in November The new consoles will have backward compatibility for all Xbox games that are already backward compatible on the Xbox One, and can use any Xbox game’s cloud saves through this update, making the transition to the new consoles easier.

The Xbox ‘s original graphical user interface was the Xbox Dashboard ; a tabbed interface that featured five “Blades” formerly four blades , and was designed by AKQA [] and Audiobrain.

It could be launched automatically when the console booted without a disc in it, or when the disc tray was ejected, but the user had the option to select what the console does if a game is in the tray on start up, or if inserted when already on.

A simplified version of it was also accessible at any time via the Xbox Guide button on the gamepad. It also allowed for personal and music settings, in addition to voice or video chats, or returning to the Xbox Dashboard from the game. Since the console’s release, Microsoft has released several updates for the Dashboard software. Such updates are mandatory for users wishing to use Xbox Live, as access to Xbox Live is disabled until the update is performed.

The update was intended to ease console menu navigation. Its new Xbox Guide retains all Dashboard functionality including the Marketplace browser and disk ejection and the original “Blade” interface although the color scheme has been changed to match that of the NXE Dashboard. The NXE also provides many new features. Users can now install games from disc to the hard drive to play them with reduced load time and less disc drive noise, but each game’s disc must remain in the system in order to run.

A new, built-in Community system allows the creation of digitized Avatars that can be used for multiple activities, such as sharing photos or playing Arcade games like 1 vs. The update was released on November 19, While previous system updates have been stored on internal memory, the NXE update was the first to require a storage device—at least a MB memory card or a hard drive. Microsoft released a further update to the Xbox Dashboard starting on December 6, Users may play back their own music while playing games or using the dashboard, and can play music with an interactive visual synthesizer.

Music, photos and videos can be played from standard USB mass storage devices , Xbox proprietary storage devices such as memory cards or Xbox hard drives , and servers or computers with Windows Media Center or Windows XP with Service pack 2 or higher within the local-area network in streaming mode. As of October 27, , [] UK and Ireland users are also able to access live and on-demand streams of Sky television programming. In , Microsoft released the Live Event Player, allowing for events such as video game shows, beauty pageants, award shows, concerts, news and sporting events to be streamed on the console via Xbox Live.

The games are written, published, and distributed through a community managed portal. XNA Community provides a channel for digital videogame delivery over Xbox Live that can be free of royalties, publishers and licenses. When the Xbox was released, Microsoft’s online gaming service Xbox Live was shut down for 24 hours and underwent a major upgrade, adding a basic non-subscription service called Xbox Live Silver later renamed Xbox Live Free to its already established premium subscription-based service which was renamed Gold.

It allows users to create a user profile, join on message boards , and access Microsoft’s Xbox Live Arcade and Marketplace and talk to other members. EA Sports games can be played with a Free account.

Xbox Live also supports voice, a feature possible with the Xbox Live Vision.

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Add No Thanks. Buy new:. Ships from: Amazon. Sold by: DNE Express. You can return the item for any reason in new and unused condition: no shipping charges Learn more about free returns. How to return the item? Go to your orders and start the return Select the return method Ship it! Or fastest delivery August 23 – Includes initial monthly payment and selected options. Initial payment breakdown. Shipping cost, delivery date, and order total including tax shown at checkout. Add to Cart. Enhancements you chose aren’t available for this seller.

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Please try again later. Verified Purchase. I have actually purchased three of these in the last couple of months. The remotes work well. When all the devices that are supposed to turn on with a single button fail to turn on, you can press the “help” button, and will then be prompted through questions like, “Did that solve the problem?

That works quite well. My only complaint about this remote concerns the software. If you have more than one of these, as I do, there should be a way to uniquely name them in the software. There isn’t. The only way to tell them apart from each other is by the number of devices they control. There is simply no reason for this limitation. Improving the software so that individual remotes can be named would be a quick and easy change.

If and when Logitech does this, I will update my review to a 5-star review. I hope you found this review helpful. If you leave a comment on the review, suggesting how it would be more helpful, I promise to respond to your comment, and to attempt to incorporate your suggestion in my review, if it is at all possible for me to do so.

My goal is to write reviews that help people, as I have been helped by the reviews others have written. Over the past few years I have owned a Harmony , , and now the I started with the and loved it.

It controlled everything I wanted it it plus features that I didn’t use. The buttons on the started to wear out. I bought a used and it worked ok, but the volume up button stopped working. I finally decided to buy a new My main reason for purchasing the was due to the fact I hate the newer Logitech remotes that use smart phones to work. I want a remote, not a smart phone to control my equipment. I downloaded the software, hooked up the remote to my Macbook, and was able to load the config from my previous remotes into the with no problems.

Took a total of 10 mins and I had a fully configured functional remote. Before I purchased it I was concerned that the smaller screen would be a problem, but it turns out that the hardware buttons on top make up easily for the smaller screen. The remote works great for what I use it for and I would recommend it for anyone that is looking for a remote to replace their older Logitech.

Prindle on March 26, My previous universal remote was the “Re,” which is basically software plus an infrared blaster that attaches to an iPhone or iPad. I loved it, but programming it was an intense affair which involved a lot of trial and error.

I ended up with a brilliant remote that did everything I wanted it to, so when my spouse dropped the iPad and bent the IR blaster, I was fairly devastated. I was sure nothing could ever work as well. So I was very pleasantly surprised to discover that the Logitech Harmony remote could do everything the Re could do, but with far less setup time, and much fewer headaches.

You’ll start by recording all the model numbers for your equipment, as well as figuring out all the appropriate settings on your receiver for each component that attaches to it and in my case, the devices that plug into my standalone HDMI switcher , as well as which inputs on your TV your devices plug into. Once you know all this information, you’ll download the MyHarmony software from their website.

You begin the setup process by attaching the remote to your laptop via the provided USB cable and inputting all the information you’ve recorded. As you record the model numbers for each of your components, the software lets you know if the device is found in their database. In the meantime, the so-called bankability of the three accused manufacturers has been called into question, and investors for projects using their products have threatened to pull financing.

JinkoSolar, for one, has asserted from the very beginning that its current module production, or rather its currently available products, were not affected by the lawsuit.

The other two competitors have remained cautious in this respect and have preferred to refrain from making public statements. But the word on the street is that REC has reduced its product range to the Alpha series, which uses n-type cells, which for technological reasons cannot be affected by the legal dispute. Longi Solar is also likely to reduce the delivery volumes of specific products for the time being until there is greater clarity in the proceedings, but in particular, until the demands of Hanwha Q-Cells are made public.

Buyers who want to play it safe with new orders should seek a binding clarification of the patent situation from their supplier in the form of a separate written confirmation. This document is particularly useful in cases where there is no existing supply contract containing clauses on the legality of the technologies used. Under no circumstances should the buyer hastily agree to a change in the supply terms and conditions without reviewing the legal consequences.

There have been cases where manufacturer representatives have advised their customers to buy directly from the Asian parent company rather than from their German supplier. The patent lawsuit would only be valid in Germany. As the importer, the purchaser then assumes liability for the dubious products. Even for an installation in another European country, the buyer is unlikely to be automatically off the hook since the patent is a European one, and Hanwha Q-Cells can extend its claim at any time.

Clearly formulated statements of confirmation quickly dispelled concerns of the banks and investors in the cases submitted to me, clearing the way of any obstacles to the progress of the projects. In any case, it is important to be vigilant in the selection of suppliers and products. For the time being at least, the patent dispute has not had any effect on the availability of monocrystalline modules in the European market or on product prices — other mechanisms are at work here.

How much farther can prices drop? This sell-off, which could be the downfall of some smaller manufacturers with a low capital base, is unlikely to cover costs at all. If this situation continues for a prolonged period, market adjustments will inevitably occur.

Only the financially stable manufacturers can survive a phase of low prices, such as the one we are currently witnessing. However, stabilization is generally expected due to increasing demand, especially in China. Funding programs are in place there, and so far, the uptake of these programs has been sluggish, but they still need to be utilized by the end of the year. There is talk of installation volumes in the 25 GW to 40 GW range for the third and fourth quarters.

Any module not tied to a binding purchase agreement at an early stage will not leave Asia, as the Chinese market will absorb any production capacity. However, we know from past experience that such forecasts are not always accurate.

Nevertheless, provisions should be made quickly for projects scheduled for completion in the short to medium term in order to avoid unpleasant surprises.

Betting on further falling prices is pure gambling. At the current rate of plant construction, this shrinks feed-in tariffs by 1. Fortunately, recent weeks have brought considerable price adjustments from module and inverter manufacturers — and they are heading down. Price reductions that had already started showing up in May finally reached the market in June — at least for current orders with delayed delivery dates.

And that brings us to the crux of the matter: Anyone who is expecting to pay the same price for solar panels delivered today as those quoted for PV modules with delivery in the fourth quarter will likely be sorely disappointed. Although there are currently no bottlenecks — products from all technology sectors and numerous brands are sufficiently available — the modules currently available often have production dates that lie far in the past. In recent months, it has taken modules much longer than usual to travel from Asia to Europe — courtesy of Covid In the spring, however, raw materials prices were still significantly higher and the shutdown and ramp-up of production has entailed considerable additional costs.

The potential for price reductions for these goods, which are now available at short notice, is therefore severely limited. Now that the viral problems have been solved — for the time being at least — prices are falling for all technologies, especially for monocrystalline modules high efficiency, all black, and bifacial.

Reference values also had to be adjusted because more and more module formats are being introduced to the market, resulting in higher outputs per module but without a significant increase in efficiency by area due to the larger surface of these panels.

Leading the renewed fall in prices are the top six producers in the industry, measured by reported production capacity. Trina Solar, Hanwha Q Cells, Canadian Solar, JA Solar, JinkoSolar and especially Longi Solar are continuously increasing production capacity and module size while aggressively marketing their products at attractive prices that none would have thought possible until recently.

It is highly doubtful whether many of the smaller manufacturers will be able to withstand this price war. We are likely to see the beginning of a market shakeout in the second half of the year. Hanwha Q Cells is still hoping to gain the upper hand over some competitors in its patent dispute on cells with back emitter passivation. Even though the first round of court proceedings in the United States ended in defeat, it has now scored success in a German court.

It is still unclear whether this victory will have any impact on the market or products of the defendant competitors, Longi Solar, JinkoSolar and REC Group. In a press release following the ruling, JinkoSolar said it would no longer produce or offer for sale cells and modules affected by the patent lawsuit. At the time of writing, the other defendants had not yet issued statements. All of the conditions are in place for a hard-charging German market — high demand, good availability at attractive prices, and a stable policy framework.

Right up to the last minute, however, the German solar industry was shaking in its boots and worrying whether the government would act before the 52 GW cap was reached and implement the policy change it had announced many months ago. After all, the summer recess for the government and parliament will soon begin.

Now, although the decisive step has been taken, a painful ending may yet be in the offing. A further amendment to the EEG has been definitively announced for the fall. Please surprise us this time, dear Grand Coalition! Along with new innovations and the renaissance of well-known cell technologies such as heterojunction and n-type, we are seeing an increase in module surface area with the introduction of ever larger cells. Just a year or two ago, modules on the market were almost exclusively made from so-called M2 wafers, in both full and half-cell variants.

Now we seem to be entering the era of XXL cell formats. This development is taking place almost exclusively with monocrystalline cells — there have been hardly any advances in multicrystalline products. JinkoSolar has been using cells with an edge length of The output of modules using these cells ranges from W to W, and the dimensions are about 10 mm to 30 mm larger than those of a conventional cell module, depending on the version — which means they are still very easy to handle and process.

These are cell panels typically rated at W to W, or cells at W to W, because this size cell can only be processed once they are sliced in half.

If whole cells were used, the current would be so high that available inverters would not be able to handle it. Peak DUO G8 series. Modules of these types are as wide as 1, mm to 1, mm and 1, mm to 2, mm long, depending on the version.

Trina Solar unveiled its Vertex W panel this spring. It apparently uses M12 wafers manufactured by Zhonghuan Semiconductor with a whopping mm edge length. The resulting cells each have an output of more than 10 W at a rated current of 18 amperes. Trina Solar simply divides the cells into thirds and incorporates of them into its module, five columns side by side, which delivers W to W modules. JinkoSolar followed suit with its own giant module using a somewhat smaller, yet more exotic cell format of around mm by 9 mm.

The brand-new series, called Tiger Pro, offers a version with tiled cells, which should generate W to W, and W to W in the cell version. The market demands ever cheaper modules.

For years, price reduction has been achieved by optimizing and scaling production. However, the capacities of individual companies are now so huge that even in terms of scale, only slight cost reductions can be expected. Since the market does not pay for the module per se but for its average power output, it makes sense to continue to increase peak power per module.

This means that more and more money can be demanded per module at the same unit cost, which in turn increases return on investment, which has been extremely meager in recent years. In fact, after nearly a year of stagnation, we can see that prices for highly efficient modules are slowly starting to fall again.

At present, this is still influenced by the difficult supply situation, but it is already making itself felt in contract prices with longer lead times. However, producers are still reluctant to pass on all of the cost advantages of the new module types with higher rated output to the market. The upsizing is less pleasing for installers, however, as they have to adapt to new formats that change in rapid succession. Larger solar module surfaces with the same or smaller frame thicknesses also place new demands on the substructure, which may have to be redesigned.

Also, inverter design sometimes changes fundamentally in response to shifting electrical specifications. It does not always have to be cheaper, although many may find it strange to read this coming from me.

With manageable investments, these facilities could then provide useful service for a few more years. Unfortunately, for many applications the legal framework is still lacking, meaning that some wind farms will be threatened with complete decommissioning. Most of these plants, however, are not facing a deadline for a subsequent use concept before the end of In the coming years, more and more systems will be affected, in line with installations added in the years after There are already projects, primarily PV, that manage completely without statutory feed-in tariffs, but these are mostly very large solar farms.

Draft bills have been submitted to the German parliament several times, but voting has been repeatedly postponed. Behind the scenes, there is still rumored haggling over distance regulations for onshore wind turbines — the cap on solar has apparently become a bargaining chip.

The fact that the Covid crisis has brought many other important issues to the desk of Federal Minister of Economics Peter Altmaier has also contributed to the delay.

Yet the fact that the cap has still not been done away with can be considered grossly negligent, as the decision to do so was made long ago. There is far more at stake here than numerous jobs in the renewable energy sector. It can be concluded that the solar cap is perceived as a bigger problem within the industry than Covid The effects of the pandemic are generally limited to slightly more difficult working conditions and a shortage of labor for medium- and large-sized projects, which often involve foreign workers who are now lacking due to border closures.

At the current pace of expansion, it has now become very likely that the cap will be reached by the beginning of the second half of the year. Many players in this sector therefore have serious concerns about the future, as urgently needed orders are simply no longer being placed. The great death spiral for solar companies has not yet returned, but it will not remain distant without immediate action.

But at some point, it really will be too late. I am not alone in seeing parallels between the threat posed by the virus and the need to advance the fight against climate change.

Unfortunately, the only fundamental difference between the two crises is how we deal with them. To contain the spread of Covid, heads of state and regional politicians are imposing measures that become more drastic by the day. But when it comes to the climate crisis, hope seems to be the guiding principle. At some point we will come up with something that prevents or reverses climate change; the main thing is to keep the economy roaring and to not make any serious changes.

On the whole, people enjoy the unhurried pace of society, friendly interaction at the office and in the streets, and emission-free fresh air. This may sound like a distant utopia, but it could soon be reality if we can finally learn from the current crisis and take the right course of action. But will the coronavirus really have the power to bring about these economic and social upheavals in a more extreme and rapid way than a youth and climate movement could ever do?

The big difference is only that it is happening far away and almost unnoticed, and that a large part of the populations of wealthy industrial nations do not seem to be affected by it. Currently, the coronavirus is public enemy No. The pandemic and associated restrictions have achieved what many critics and some politicians have failed to do: The Friday demonstrations have been canceled!

Now the protests continue on social networks, but of course this does not have the same impact as mass rallies on streets around the world. The current situation seems like a preview of what we could face were the climate crisis to escalate; a kind of dress rehearsal, if you like. However, our performance here still leaves much to be desired. Our civilization has been caught off guard by the epidemic, and the scale and scope of the necessary response has for some time been greatly underestimated.

The countermeasures came suddenly and inevitably led to chaotic conditions. We are witnessing a demonstration of the fragility of our economic system and how quickly it can be thrown off kilter by an unexpected event, causing people and markets to react irrationally. Few seemed prepared for such a crisis; there were no fully developed plans for dealing with a pandemic affecting nearly every aspect of the globalized, networked world.

Initial panic and chaos are understandable; after all, our jobs, our consumption, our social contacts — in short, our very freedom and prosperity — are likely at stake. Now, hopefully we will learn a lesson from this, make a genuine fresh start after the pandemic, and not revert completely to old patterns of behavior and our resource-destroying lifestyle. We are beginning to realize that there is another way. The world will not come to an immediate end if we consume a little less, travel a little less, or party a little less.

To restore stability to our system, we need to make even greater adjustments — we now face the challenge of radically transforming our economic system. Resilience is a much-cited term in connection with the local economy, but it also applies to ecosystems.

It describes the ability to overcome disruptions and difficult life situations without lasting damage. This is something our system clearly lacks.

But we can learn a lot from the present crisis; all we need is the courage to do the right thing and let something new, more resilient, and more sustainable emerge from it.

Protecting the population from coronavirus is apparently a matter of consensus and justifies drastic measures. But so much more is possible. Once this crisis is behind us, many restrictions should of course be lifted again. What should remain, however, is an awareness of the impending threat of climate change. The experience that life goes on, even when consumption is constrained, should be drawn upon — we just need to get organized and help each other.

We need to continue digitalizing the world of work, while at the same time reducing our dependence on international flows of goods. Both of these things, if implemented properly, will produce deep cuts in CO 2 emissions. The coronavirus Covid outbreak is now dominating daily headlines from China to Europe. There is also increasing talk that the long-underestimated and downplayed epidemic, which likely originated in the Chinese city of Wuhan, is having a negative impact on the global economy.

The Chinese authorities have quarantined entire cities, restricted delivery traffic between special economic zones and ports, and imposed house quarantine rules on their own people in an attempt to control the rapid spread of the coronavirus.

But the consequence is that production workers have been sent on forced leave or have not been able to restart work since the Chinese New Year holiday. In addition, the supply chain for urgently needed raw materials has nearly collapsed, with the result that cell and module production has not been able to recommence at all since the beginning of February. Goods that have already been produced that are stored in factories or are already at port are being blocked from delivery — or are only being delivered after considerable delays.

It has been just a few days since the news that individual production lines were being ramped up again.

But it will be a very long time before existing manufacturing capacity can be fully utilized again, so huge backlogs of orders can be cleared, and cell and module production can return to orderly conditions, because nobody can say when the coronavirus epidemic will peak.

Switching to less well-known brands is only possible to a limited extent because many of the off-brand manufacturers have not yet supplied sufficiently large quantities to the European market. And freshly manufactured goods from China are then naturally subject to the same constraints as the products of the major players.

But since this is largely determined by supply and demand, the conditions for hotly sought-after products will not always be customer friendly. As early as February, prices were on the rise across all technologies almost without exception. The economic viability of some projects is likely to suffer as a result, and their completion may be in the balance.

Whether this will lead to a general market collapse remains to be seen. However, postponing projects planned in the short term to the second half of the year, or even further, is difficult to implement — at least in Germany. There is the monthly reduction of the feed-in tariff, as well as the still-existing 52 GW cap for PV systems to contend with. However, the abysmal supply situation is affecting almost all market stakeholders, which means that quickly reaching the legally defined maximum cap on subsidized installations will simply be pushed further down the road.

Nevertheless, it would be advisable to consider a short-term adjustment in order to prevent further economic damage to operators and investors of newly constructed PV plants. Likewise, those awarded contracts in the round of tenders who have to bring their projects online on time over the course of this year are unlikely to be very happy with the current situation.

In the case of cheaper mainstream modules, there has already been a supply problem for some time, due to the systematic conversion of module fabrication lines to monocrystalline cells, mostly with PERC technology.

However, the price increase in this index essentially reflects a shift in the boundaries between the various classes. The lowest performance class for high-efficiency modules now starts at W, with most of the products in this class available on the market offering outputs between and W. In this category, last month, there were a number of large volume lots of older stock, as well as used modules from plant decommissioning, resulting in a major price decrease.

Unlike the prices for the other module classes, this price point is determined exclusively by offers on the spot market. There is occasional mention of lowering the limit on tenders to compensate for the elimination of the cap, and sometimes further cuts to onshore wind development is mooted.

But a deal at the expense of the already hard-hit wind industry is simply unacceptable. Germany needs a mix of all known renewable energy sources and often derided decentralization in order to achieve supply security at reasonable costs, both now and in the future. At the moment, however, we are heading for a very dangerous situation. The 52 GW cap is still in place, but fortunately demand for PV systems is high and the order books of installation companies everywhere are solid.

What this means is that the statutory upper limit for PV capacity eligible for feed-in tariffs under the EEG will soon be reached in Germany — some forecasts project that this could happen as early as the second quarter. At the same time, modules are becoming increasingly scarce, and available capacities of skilled trades are scarcely sufficient to handle their current project pipelines in a timely manner. According to surveys by installer platform, www.

So, once again, we find ourselves in a situation with very little planning certainty. How can investors decide whether to risk their capital if they do not know whether a newly installed PV plant will receive a guaranteed feed-in tariff, if for the aforementioned reasons it cannot be installed and connected to the grid before the second half of the year?

As a result, many companies committed to this segment, slowly getting back on their feet since the major clearing of the field after , are likely to be dogged by intense fears over the future. So, if the positive developments in the solar energy industry are not to be abruptly curbed once more, we need to set a political course immediately and create a secure legal framework.

We cannot wait indefinitely for an EEG amendment, which has not yet been announced. We need a strong solar sector and a strong wind power industry that can offer secure jobs to more and more people. In this spirit — once again — an urgent appeal: The cap must go! We can look back on an unusually quiet end to , as the final weeks of the year lacked the usual hustle and bustle of the global PV market.

As a result, there are no significant price cuts in sight for How did the solar industry fare in ? It was a year of climate strikes, falling module prices, feed-in tariff cuts, and patent lawsuits. Thanks to cuts in the incentives for new medium to large installations introduced to the German market in April, small systems — preferably with hybrid inverters in combination with storage — increasingly caught the attention of those interested in photovoltaics.

Even so, established inverter manufacturers seem to have been caught off guard by the uptick in demand, with the result that most devices in the 5 to 25 kW range sold out very quickly in the June-July time frame.

Suddenly there were delivery delays of several weeks or even months in the PV industry again. It is not easy to understand why this bottleneck occurred, as the forecasts for had predicted precisely this. Storage systems for PV plants in this size category were also scarce at times, and still are in some cases. At mid-year, however, there were also fears that modules were headed for a bottleneck. News from China suggested we could see an unprecedented year-end rally.

After a comparatively weak first half, subsequent auctions were held for systems with a total capacity of around At the same time, the forecast for in China was raised to around 40 GW. It has now become clear, however, that this boom failed to materialize, and the feared shortage of modules was unfounded.

There was broad speculation about the consequences of retaining the cap: The fixed upper limit, which would abruptly cut off incentives under the legislation, would have an increasingly negative effect on decisions to invest in PV plants. Meanwhile, although elimination of the 52 GW cap has been incorporated into the climate package, the question of a possible follow-on regulation has not been conclusively settled, and no concrete date has been set for doing so.

Because no module bottleneck occurred, inverters and storage systems became available again — so what else could stand in the way of installing photovoltaics on every available surface, thus facilitating the rapid implementation of the energy trangsition? A lack of qualified technicians!

Following the huge collapse in the solar industry after , solar electricians moved to other segments, with the result that — in Germany, at least — there was a shortage of workers and specialists in the PV sector.

This bottleneck alone has given rise to fears that if climate targets in the electricity sector are to be reached at all, it will only be with considerable delays.

In the coming years, huge investments will have to be made in research, and in training new skilled workers. For this purpose, the German government has earmarked …nothing. Leaders had another chance to set a decisive path forward at the UN Climate Change conference in Madrid last month. To encourage delegates to take action, there was another major climate strike on Nov. Once again, however, only half-hearted declarations of intent were drawn up and the much-needed drastic changes in our resource-consuming economic system were neglected.

These include bureaucratic hurdles in the implementation of tenant electricity models and citizen energy systems, excessively high grid transmission fees, and taxes. Nearly all major manufacturers have converted to purely monocrystalline. Price levels will at best continue to decline slightly — that is, apart from inventory clearance or emergency sales.

The end of the downward price spiral seems to have been reached, at least for silicon products, due to more efficient production technologies, and above all economies of scale. This is shown in the graphs in the pvXchange price index, which have been moving sideways for months. The elimination of foundations anchored in the seabed allows the development of new offshore areas and the expansion of wind turbines beyond the 10 MW capacity limit. Nevertheless, hope remains that the new distance regulation for onshore wind turbines in Germany will be reconsidered.

These turbines help to avoid oversized and expensive power lines, which have similar public acceptance problems as large modern wind turbines. The involvement and financial participation of local residents is an effective means of improving acceptance.

In this area, we can look forward to more new ideas and innovative models in the future. The climate crisis cannot be tackled by individuals; it has to be a group effort. To hear our policymakers talk, the energy transition — an unprecedented, radical and rapid transformation of our energy and economic systems — is now in full swing.

But reality paints a completely different picture. Even for the big energy companies, which once leaned on the brakes in the face of change, the current pace of the federal government has become too sluggish. The utilities have started to set the pace for change to prepare quickly for a future in which emissions-free energy will be generated exclusively from renewable sources. With or without climate targets, for the utilities it is a matter of developing a survival strategy in a disruptive market.

At the end of , we can look back on a year of public protest in the form of climate strikes and roadblocks, which began with Greta Thunberg in Sweden and have now spread across the globe.

Overall, the fourth quarter of and the first quarter of saw a rapid increase in installed PV capacity in Germany. Meanwhile, the United Nations Climate Change Conference kicked off in Katowice, Poland, with lots of hot air and half-hearted promises, instead of finally sending a clear signal about a more rapid restructuring of economic and energy systems. But then came the ray of hope: Greta Thunberg, then only 15, from Sweden, captured the attention of the world for the first time with an impressive, emotional speech to delegates from all over the world.

Regulatory hurdles and contractual challenges for supply agreements in the form of PPAs were formidable, with the result that only a few in the large-scale plant segment dared to address the issue at all. This improved somewhat at the end of , when contractual arrangements were standardized and more and more unsubsidized plants were built in Germany. March Module manufacturer Hanwha Q Cells filed lawsuits against three of its competitors — REC Group, JinkoSolar and Longi Solar — on several continents for alleged infringements of existing patents on its cell technologies.

Q Cells was certainly a pioneer in the use of PERC technology, but the counterparties rejected the accusation out of hand and insisted they had developed this technology themselves and were using it lawfully. The patent lawsuit has not yet been decided, but the outlook is not very promising. An interim report on the patent review in the United States has confirmed non-infringement of the most important of the patents under discussion.

April Since the beginning of the year, schoolchildren and college students around the world had been taking to the streets on Fridays to protest the inaction of the political establishment, or rather the whole generation of their parents and grandparents.

Young people no longer wanted to accept that their future — or, more precisely, their chance of a decent life on this planet — was being endangered in such a frivolous way. Not only was this frivolous, but also ignorant, since the facts about the causes and effects of the progressive destruction of the environment have been known for decades. Yet, apart from declarations of intent, nothing decisive has been set in motion in the right direction.

Public surveys have shown, for example, that the resulting increase in the cost of flights or car journeys would not be sufficient to force anyone to change their behavior. After some short-term price drops at the end of the third quarter to quickly draw down inventories and make room for new goods, the market is now largely back on track. The prices across all panel types have stabilized — only the prices for high-efficiency and bifacial products have seen a slight uptick, but this can also be attributed to natural fluctuations in the spot market.

Also, just last month I changed the performance classes I am tracking, and thus the boundaries between low-cost, mainstream and high-efficiency products — the result being that the slightly cheaper modules with W were excluded from the average price of the latter class.

So, the future of the photovoltaic industry looks secure — everything is fine, right? Unfortunately, there is one big catch: the shortage of skilled workers. At the beginning of the current decade, everything was still running smoothly; the trades were growing and thriving and training new employees. Companies in the traditional electrical engineering sector shifted to PV plant design and construction, and many hundreds of thousands of workers had a place in the renewable energy sector.

But then came the great slash-and-burn campaign. In several stages, the Renewable Energy Act in Germany and incentives in many other European countries were curtailed and downgraded to such an extent that the building of new plants simply became unattractive and the markets tanked. There was mass migration of skilled workers looking for new fields of work that were safe from the whims of policymakers.

The few companies that have remained loyal to the industry despite all this are now desperately trying to cope with the growing workload with much smaller teams.

Some companies that have recovered are trying to win back their former employees — experienced planners and installers — through attractive working conditions and salaries. But other companies from less turbulent industries are paying better, and the jobs in those fields are presumably safer. In Germany at least, there is a major shortage of workers and professionals in the PV sector, with many orders for installations not accepted at all.

According to surveys by the startup www. Most installation companies are no longer even accepting smaller end-customer orders for this year. This installation bottleneck has prompted fears that climate targets in the electricity sector could not be achieved at all. In other European countries, the situation is not much better. Places like Spain and the UK, which have essentially been large-scale markets in the past, are completely lacking the expertise for small installations with storage and optimization for onsite consumption.

In France, after a long dry spell, demand for small systems is now brisk again, albeit with exactly the same problems as in Germany. Only in markets such as Italy and southeastern Europe do there seem to be skilled workers, but there is no need for them due to the lack of a functioning market. So what needs to be done to improve the situation? Market players need to look after the next generation by training new specialists themselves. To this end, educational initiatives and other government support — such as tax relief and reductions in social security contributions for companies that provide training — would be helpful.

But these measures can only be effective over the longer term. In order to overcome the bottleneck in the short term, installion. By specifically attracting electricians from other sectors, the young company claims that it already supports a double-digit number of utilities, manufacturers, wholesalers and large installation companies in the structured acquisition of installers.

This offers some hope that in the future there will be fewer promising photovoltaic projects that never leave the drawing board due to a lack of personnel to build them.

Martin Schachinger, pvXchange. At Intersolar Europe , held earlier this year in Munich, exhibits of this kind could be found at the booths of nearly every major module manufacturer.

The reality does not look quite so promising, however. Demand for this module technology, and thus the actual extent of its use, is still very limited, at least in Central Europe.

Nevertheless, dealers and manufacturers are currently offering more and more products on short notice that can be purchased at least in small to medium quantities. Increasing supply at the beginning of the year prompted me to include bifacial modules in my analysis and later in the index. It should be noted that the type and design of the products analyzed can vary greatly. In addition to glass-glass modules — with or without frames — some manufacturers also offer glass-film modules, which means the manufacturing costs and thus the selling price can vary considerably.

As a result, larger inventories were dumped on the market on short notice at special prices, which then put pressure on the competition.

The stock clearance operation essentially concerned only modules in the lower output classes of each category. But back to bifacial. Demand is still quite low, mainly due to a lack of experience with the technology, and thus the absence of concrete applications. Experts still cannot agree on standardized data and test procedures, which puts planners at the mercy of manufacturer forecasts regarding the potential increase in performance under certain conditions.

According to certified test procedures, only front side performance can be measured and indicated, even though many test labs have been developing new procedures for some time. In addition, simulations are greatly influenced by correctly determined environmental data. Some of the larger EPCs therefore first set up small test systems to determine the necessary parameters, in comparison with conventional installations, and then calculate a more reliable estimate.

There is no real comparability, even between products of different designs within this category, and the profitability of bifacial projects is still uncertain. Additional yield can only be achieved by optimizing the support structure, so the module backs are completely free of shading, and by increasing the reflectivity of the surface beneath the panels.

Only here in Central Europe will it probably take some time for bifacial modules to gain a foothold. Although small- to medium-sized roof systems are increasingly equipped with highly efficient panels, bifacial has yet to find a way into this market.

This month, Martin Schachinger of pvXchange homes in on the German market to show what consequences unwise action — or rather, inaction — by the federal government could have for the further, urgently needed expansion of photovoltaics. If this is extrapolated — taking into account the current rate of build-out — the upper limit for systems up to kW that are eligible for EEG funding will be reached by summer Module prices have scarcely changed over the past month.

Despite tightening supplies — especially for modules in the lower output range — all prices, with the exception of those for all-black modules, fell slightly. The summer lull could exacerbate this trend, but the euro exchange rate is also working to counteract it. Exchange-rate losses would make products manufactured in Asia and traded in U. This means in absolute terms that the module sector can be said to have seen slight price reductions over the past few months; we just have yet to notice them here in Europe.

All were put on cardboard lids, which were then sent to government representatives in Berlin, with all of the individually written reasons for abolishing the cap. These activities are slowly having an effect, but there is still disagreement on the right course of action. Debates are underway in the committees on how to proceed with the expansion of PV and wind power. The fixed upper limit, which — according to current legislation — would abruptly cut off incentives once reached, could have a negative impact on investment decisions related to PV systems.

For cost-effectiveness reasons, once the statutory feed-in tariffs have run out, the installation of new plants will be limited solely to systems installed to cover on-site requirements. As a result, the market for roof-mounted systems would decline dramatically. The cap therefore must be abolished — quickly. However, at the conclusion of a recent meeting, the state politicians failed to specify a concrete procedure for achieving this.

I have previously expressed doubts as to whether PV systems without EEG subsidies would be cost-effective in view of the current energy market structures and the many legal hurdles on existing buildings, especially for smaller plants. Without a government-backed compensation scheme it would be a stretch to finance medium- to large-sized plants. What alternatives can financial service providers expect from their customers that can match a legally guaranteed feed-in tariff?

So, if the cap is not lifted immediately, we will face the threat of a run on the last 4 GW eligible for incentives. It will be the worst kind of expansion with all the usual negatives: last-minute panic, acceleration of installations with scarce resources — manpower and materials — and the result will be higher prices and lower quality. I therefore emphatically urge all players, both inside and outside of the PV sector, who are serious about the energy transition and a resolute approach to climate change to join one of the many campaigns and petitions in the call to scrap the 52 GW PV cap.

Overview of the price points broken down by technology in August with changes over the previous month as of 19 August :. Module types with black backsheets, black frames and rated power between and Wp. Modules typically with 60 cells, standard aluminum frames, white backsheets and to Wp — this represents most modules on the market. Factory seconds, insolvency goods, used or low-output modules crystalline and prod ucts with limited or no warranty.

A look at prices shows that everything is still quiet. The price points for all the module technologies have been fluctuating around a support level for months without permanently breaking through it. There is still ample supply of high-efficiency monocrystalline modules on the market, and mainstream multicrystalline products are finding their way to Europe less and less frequently, but demand does not seem to be much higher than supply.

Nearly all of the manufacturers lowered their prices in the first half of this year and issued new price lists.

Джабба сел за монитор. – Хорошо. Давайте попробуем.

«Очень уместно, – мысленно адрес страницы. – Сюрреализм. Я в плену абсурдного сна». Проснувшись утром в своей постели, Slite заканчивал день тем, что ломился в гостиничный номер незнакомого человека в Испании в поисках какого-то магического кольца.

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